The Theories Of Leadership Styles - 1445 Words

When developing a template to assess which leadership styles are best suited to mitigate the effects of a decline in financial compensation, it is imperative to understand leadership theory. One of the first pioneers in leadership theory was Kurt Lewin. Kurt Lewin (1890–1947), was a prominent figure in psychology in his generation. He provided a solid foundation to the teachings of organizational development. In many circles he was known as the father of organizational development. He was best known for the development of field theory. Field theory was essential because it allowed business professionals to understand why undesirable behaviors was produced. It also taught how to bring about desirable behaviors. Field theory was developed in part because Lewin wanted to address organizational employee turnover. Furthermore, field theory emphasized the comparison of three leadership styles, and determined which one was the most productive. The three leadership styles were democratic, laissez-faire, and autocratic (Burnes, B., Cooke, B. (2013). Kurt Lewin, and a team of researchers, studied youth leaders. They studied youth leaders in activity groups. Based on those studies, it was concluded that there were three obvious and leading leadership styles. Kurt Lewin used the terms democratic, laissez-faire, and autocratic to describe the leadership styles. He also chose one that he thought was superior compared to the other two. The autocratic style is when a single personShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership857 Words   |  4 Pagesproject shows that leadership is defined in many ways. Characteristics of a good leader are questionable. Leadership styles and theories, such as servant leadership, collective leadership, and dictatorship vastly differ but still share similar attributes. While servant leadership and collective leadership theories similarly encompass specific attributes, the collective leadership theory still lacks vision and empowerment. Inversely, at the other extreme of leadership theorie s is dictatorship. UnlikeRead MoreLeadership Theories And Leadership Styles1512 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide examples surrounding various leadership theories and leadership styles that sustain the definition of a public leader. First, this paper will provide a definition of a public leader. Next, it determine two leadership theories and two leadership styles that support the definition of a public leader. Also, this paper will assess the effectiveness of the two leadership theories. Subsequently, it will assess the effectiveness of the two leadership styles. Further, this paper will utilize properRead MoreLeadership Style And Leadership Theory807 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch conducted on traits, skills, and characters relationships to leadership and followers. The paper discusses the common themes and conclusions addressed in all studies. The articles penned with the intention of examining the impact leadership style and leadership theory in areas such as individual identity , culture, and worldview. Mahdi, Mohd, and Almsafir (2014) argue there is a significantly strong relationship between the leadership behavior and organizational commitment. Also, the paper synthesizesRead MoreThe Theory Of Leadership Styles903 Words   |  4 Pagesphenomenon of leadership is based upon directing, influencing as well as motivating individuals for the purpose of implementing plans as well as running an organization. Leadership styles vary from person to person and is dependent upon the situations that the leader might be faced with (George, Sims, P. Sims, D., 2007). Basically, the leadership styles have been categorized into six types (i.e. commanding, visionary, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting and coaching leadership styles). All theseRead MoreThe Theory Of Leadership Styles1649 Words   |  7 Pageshad compassion and a vision for their work and employees. On that note, there are three classical theories of leadership that have developed with the changing ti me: trait theories, behavioral theories, and contingency theories. In this analysis, I will be describing the theories, as well as the advantages and disadvantages to each. It is also important to question how the post-bureaucratic leadership strategies have changed since the initial bureaucratic era. I have used work by Colbert, Judge, ChoiRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership Essay873 Words   |  4 PagesGenerally, leadership is the art or process of influencing followers and subordinates to achieve the organizational goals. It helps an individuals or a group to identify its goals and assists in achieving the stated goals. Because of importance of leadership all kinds of group action, there are considerable number of researches and theories on leadership and many kinds of leadership styles like Greatman theory, power influence, Trait approach, Behavioral, Situational or Contingency approaches;Read MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership876 Words   |   4 Pagesbstract This paper is to define the definition of leadership, and how its breakdown of various leadership styles and theories. I will also focus on more than one leadership style on what is to believe the best aligns thoughts of what leadership should mean. The leadership style is a mixed character of leadership that combines the transformational and servant leadership theories in to Healthcare. An evaluation is made of the learner’s leadership characteristics and how they would enable the learnerRead MoreLeadership Styles And Leadership Theories993 Words   |  4 Pagesto the other two leadership styles, I scored next highest in the delegate category and the least amount in the authoritative category. In this paper I will give a comprehensive overview of leadership styles and leadership management theories and how they relate to my style. Lastly, I will discuss my type of work environment, and three key actions or behaviors that I must demonstrate to be a successful leader. Alignment with management and leadership theories Leadership theories include trait, attitudinalRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership1386 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is known as the process of guiding groups, individuals and an organization in the establishment of goals as well as sustaining those goals. The concept of leadership incorporates a diversity of clarifications, leadership styles and theories. While looking at the leaders around us no matter if it’s our president or place of employment, we often find ourselves questioning exactly why these individuals shine in these positions. This essay will detail my leadership in relations of the transformationalRead MoreLeadership Theories And Leadership Style920 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership theories and Leadership Style In workplace condition, there are numerous dynamics which may affects a manager’s leadership style. The most significant features which will affect the choice of leadership styles or leadership behavior in a workplace condition need to identify. The most important factor which affects the manager’s leadership style is ‘Task’. The task is the real purpose of the team as well as the goals of the team. A manager’s upmost duty is to be certain that all team members

Social Media s Influence On Modern Consumerism - 1272 Words

Social media’s prevalent influence on modern consumerism has benefited the producer, whether large conglomerates or small businesses, and has provided better consumer protection for the global market. Political, Economic, and Social Power in Communication Prior to analyzing the role social media has on an increasingly more global consumer culture, it is important to study and recognize the causes for the United States’ growing prosperity and the underlying trends that begin to emerge. The United States’ Northern economy was always more robust than its southern counterpart due to its inability to grow cash crops and its abundance of natural resources. During colonial times, the North’s economy relied on trading, shipbuilding, and fishing,†¦show more content†¦Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin enabled United States to become the world’s leading producer of cotton. In addition to the cotton gin, Whitney’s interchangeable parts made way for easily replacing faulty parts, but also inspired standardizing the sizing of clothing. A standard model for clothing sizes made way for the mass production of clothing in factories, which rapidly industrialized the United States. The industrialization of the United States provided a new source of income for families and diversified the jobs available for women. It not only modernized the textile industry, but also led to advancements in communication and banking, which also inspir ed the concept of modern economics. The first commercialized telegraph was invented during that time, and it allowed for the rise of banks and financiers and later stock exchanges in London and New York. The modern philosophic ideas about economics, based on the improvements made during the Industrial Revolution, was also written by Adam Smith in â€Å"The Wealth of Nations†. The 1920s in the United States was time of prosperity for the country where the standard of living rose, incomes increased, and technological advances met entertainment; this propagated the perfect opportunity for a consumerism upsurge. Although automobiles, radios, and mail-order catalogs existed well before the Roaring Twenties, their sales went up as American ideals shifted from avoiding unnecessary costs toShow MoreRelatedThe Mass Decline Of Childhood Identity And The Social Implications Involved899 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout modern society, children have become the primary consumers of marketing (Hill, 2011, p. 348). As the documentary Consuming Kids illustrates, infants are easily deceived by society, culture, and especially media scams (Barbaro, 2008). Marketing has shifted the focus of children from traditional playing to various consumerist desires. This paper will explore the causes of the mass decline in childhood identity and the social implications involved. The im pact of marketing for children willRead MoreYouth And The Hip Hop Youth Culture1695 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermined by ways of living and they revolve around peer groups that stress a definitive style of living as an external designation of affiliation and appearance. In this essay, I will analyse how globalisation, popular culture, and consumerism emerge as factors that influence the participation of young people in the hip-hop youth culture in Australia. I will also apply the human ecological theory in order to facilitate the understanding of factors that affect youth participation in the hip-hop cultureRead MoreWhy People Buy Unneeded Things Essay905 Words   |  4 Pages â€Æ' Consumer society Nowadays, there is always a reason to go shopping. 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This essay will focus on OneRead MorePositive And Negative Aspects Of Advertising1695 Words   |  7 Pagesissues, the promotion of unnecessary consumerism, psychological effects on learning, how younger generations are becoming less receptive, and the adverse affects on society as a whole. Regardless of the conflicting viewpoints it is best to be knowledgeable about the positive and negatives of the subject overall to be a well rounded informed and conscientious consumer. As a student, I am sure you are well informed about various technologies and forms of social media, not to mention, the endless adsRead MoreAmerican Rock N Roll Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pages American Rock ’n’ Roll was a huge influence on the idea of Pop as it affected young people and gave them their own distinct interests. Pop figures at the time such as Elvis Presley and the Beatles gripped the youth of the mid-20th century and defined a discernible difference between the young and the old. Post-war depression was replaced by a youthful optimistic spirit, which allowed for expression of self among the youth of American society. The optimistic spirit offered by pop culture icons allowedRead MoreThe Principles And Values Of Society966 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many attributes to society that allow individuals to engage in meaningful relationships with others that create and maintain social communities. Features within communities such as institutions, beliefs and values play an important role in these maintaining societies and governing communities all over the world. This paper sets out to describe and demonstrate these core structures of society, the institutions, beliefs and values and the way they function to maintain the society form weRead MoreBranding, Advertising, And Marketing Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesIt is interesting to see how branding, advertising, and marketing, that are in place to achieve specific commercial goals, completely rely upon the complex elements of human psychology, as well as on how cultural norms and values influence the individual. This has in fact been an integral concern of marketing historically; the mere presenting of a product or service is ineffective unless some reflection of its deeper value or meaning to the potential consumer is reinforced. In the mid-20th centuryRead MoreConsumerism : A Social And Economic Order Within America Propelled Essay1777 Words   |  8 PagesHistory s records often overlook ordinary people, but collectively, they make significant and abiding social change. A social and economic order within America propelled, perhaps unconsciously, by the people, is con sumerism. Originating in the nineteenth century, consumerism revolutionized the way individuals thought, behaved, and interacted with each other. Coming into full bloom during the Industrial Revolution, consumerism fueled a new desire for material goods, unnecessary for and unrelatedRead MoreA Standard Definition Of Ethics1328 Words   |  6 Pagesbuy from unethical companies. The media has growing interest in global ethical issues and publicizing them. Companies have an obligation to ensure shareholders receive a fair return on their investment (Health 2014). Consumerism is the promotion of the consumer’s interests, the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable Economic consumerism promotes global development, the aim to achieve higher standards of living. Ethical consumerism can be defined as the practice of

Online Enrollment System Free Essays

An Innovative Approach to a School Community Information System (Web Based) By: Lelit Acolacol Joshua Ely B. Alfonso Jobelle Cavaneyro Jeffrey Gallardo Raymond Ramos A capstone proposal submitted in partial fulfillment for the subject System Analysis and Design in the course Information Technology Adviser: Mr. Frederic B. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Enrollment System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Asejo Introduction: â€Å"To pay homage to our alma- mater is our goal†, we decided that we created a system that will acknowledge ICI, a system which each and every faculty member and student can use. Starting out with a few rooms in three-storey building, with the basic facilities required by the TESDA, Prof. Neil Mateo, the school director, set out to establish ICI as a school that would aim to develop excellent learners. 2008-2009 ICI welcomed to its fold 272 students who enrolled in technical-vocational courses in HRS, IT, Computer Science, Computer Technology, Front Office and Call Center Management. With the growth of student population with just a span of four years, information provision can’t be maintained due to the large sum of students going in the school. We have been staying in the school for almost 2 years and our attention were called by information dissemination and we thought â€Å"how bout we develop a system that every one from ICI can use, a school community information system†. With the guidance of our adviser Mr. Derek Asejo we manage to create a system that can provide information with an easy access which is through internet an online bulletin board that automatically updates its database, from birthdays, special events, announcements, etc. Background: It is though the vision of establishing a higher learning institution that would promise rewarding careers for the youth that ICI college of Arts and Technology founded on March 5, 2008. Starting out with a few rooms in three-storey building, with the basic facilities required by the TESDA, Prof. Neil Mateo, the school director, set out to establish ICI as a school that would aim to develop excellent learners thought effective an innovative educational strategies. ICI was issued its Certification of Program Registration to operate on May 14, 2008. The school opened up immediately for first enrollees 008-2009 ICI welcomed to its fold 272 students who enrolled in technical-vocational courses in HRS, IT, Computer Science, Computer Technology, Front Office and Call Center Management. ICI became a member of Bulacan Private Schools Association (BULPRISA) and Bulacan Association of Technology Schools (BATS). SY 2009-2010, ICI started to offer degree programs in Computer Science, Hospitality Management, Business and Literal Arts. According to the interviews conducted with the school administrators and supplemented with personal observation made by the researcher the following are the recognized problems. In advertising of school’s quality education, courses offered and facilities, Immaculate Conception International uses tarpaulin and flyers to spread the information of the school to encourage new students, effective but too risky, time consuming and it costs a lot of money to the staff/s conducting this method. Posting of information and announcement on the bulletin board is a way for school staff/s to inform their students about the upcoming events and activities. It’s time consuming, costs a lot of effort and sometimes the students ignores it and would not participate in the school events and activities. Background: Immaculate Conception International takes evaluation among the students by means of survey to know their suggestions and feedback about the school management. In conducting a survey, the school staff/s gives chance to the students to share their opinions for the improvements of school regulations and facilities and they do it manually and it takes too much time and effort for them. They use print-outs as surveys and distribute it room-to-room and then wait until the students are done filling-up the survey sheet/form. It takes a lot of hassle because some students sometimes disregard this form and ignore it because some students are not interested with this process of giving feedback and suggestions. Problem: General Problem/s: †¢ Information Dissemination, a particular problem in starting school/s like the ICI, they will have to hire someone or a group of people to perform the specific task and it takes a lot of effort doing so, a waste of effort and a waste of funds that can be used to other projects that can help students, such as scholarships. Specific Problem/s: Immaculate Conception International uses tarpaulin and flyers to spread the information of the school to encourage new students, effective but too risky, time consuming and it costs a lot of money to the staff/s conducting this method. †¢ Posting of information and announcement on the bulletin board is a way for school staff/s to inform their students about the upcoming events and activities. It’s time consuming, cost s a lot of effort. †¢ Immaculate Conception International takes evaluation among the students by means of survey to know their suggestions and feedback about the school management. In conducting a survey, the school staff/s gives chance to the students to share their opinions for the improvements of school regulations and facilities and they do it manually and it takes too much time and effort for them. Objective/s: General Objective/s: †¢ To create a system that will improve information dissemination to students, faculty, school staff/s and fund consumption. Specific Objective/s: †¢ To create a Web Based Application that will help the school to campaign process/procedure without risk and minimal costs. †¢ To develop a method that will minimize the effort of school staff in giving updated information to the students. To create an evaluation process that will get students request/suggestions/ and feedback. Scope/s: †¢ The web-based application can improve the campaign process/procedures without risk and minimal cost. †¢ The application can minimize the effort of school staff in giving updated information to the students. †¢ And last ly, the application can evaluate processes that will get the students . Limitation/s: †¢ The system should have an internet service provide †¢ It can’t download files from the system. †¢ Data flow Diagram level 0 [pic] Data Flow Diagram Level 1 [pic] Existing Diagram [pic] How to cite Online Enrollment System, Papers Online Enrollment System Free Essays Automation and online transaction is not relatively new here in our country and more so abroad. In fact it is a growing fad abroad and is beginning to crop up in our country gradually, where bank transactions, business dealings and buying and selling take place. It is very convenient to do online transactions because one does not have to actually be in the supermarket, department store, drugstore or bookstore in order to buy things needed. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Enrollment System or any similar topic only for you Order Now All it takes is a computer that has an internet connection, and one can instantly place the order. Sooner or later, the product is at the doorstep. Online enrollment is to a certain extent a new fad. Not many, in fact, only a handful schools in the Philippines, particularly in Manila, cater to online subject enlisting and enrollment like for example Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University and University of the Philippines (Diliman and Los Banos campus).Enrollment time is a stressful chore not so much for the preschooler, elementary pupil or high school student even with the necessary Entrance Tests required but more so for the college student who has to follow a longer process / procedure in order to receive the status of being officially enrolled and finally have the class cards in his possession. Many await the enrollment schedule of the school they are studying in. Come enrollment time they begin to rush and flock to school as early as possible.Vacations are cut short, young ones are sometimes abruptly separated from the security and comfort of home and family just to be able to study in a good school, relaxation and leisure quickly put to an end that give way to the serious pursuit of study. For some, they opt for an extended vacation, sometimes coming to school on the last minute just to be with their loved ones a bit longer. Still for many others, it can be the unpredictable weather like a storm which Leyte is famous of, that can hinder them from coming to enroll on the appointed time, especially those living outside Baybay or having their vacation some other place.For the late high school or elementary enrollee, once accepted, it is less taxing, for after having been enrolled, the latter is assured of a slot in every subject the school and its curriculum offers for all levels from Grades 1 – 6 (for the Elementary) and Years 1 – 4 (for high school). There is no fear of having subjects closed for them to enlist in. For the college student it could be a big problem. And this problem can have a harmful effect on his school life. For one, it could mean a delay of the expected time to graduate. Another, it could be a waste of time coming to school being under load having only subjects that much! Online enrollment and subject enlisting can solve this problem. Being away from school is not a hindrance to enroll and to enlist in subjects. All it takes is a computer and of course, access to the Net and log on to http://www. fcic. net. ph. That makes it all the more convenient because computers are more accessible nowadays. All it takes is a visit to an internet cafe, pay a minimum of P10 per hour’s use of computer, fill up necessary questions by typing and clicking the necessary buttons here and there.TECHNICAL â€Å"Is the project technically possible? † Basically, a main computer should be the server where the database is stored which should be put up on a place where only authorized persons can have access to it. This will act as the receiving end of the sent data by the enrollees and subject enlistment of students who enroll online. At the same time students who opt to enroll online will be asked to make a print-out of the subjects they are enlisted in to be shown to the Finance Office ready for payment. FINANCIALCan the institution afford to carry out the project? Although the automation of the subject scheduling and enrollment needs considerable amount of money, it is also guaranteed that the process of enrollment will be more efficient and more organized. Only one computer is need ed which will operate as the server and where the database will be located. This server will then be linked to the school’s website fcic. net. ph as a sub-domain. This will be entirely a web-based system. The estimated cost for this project will be more or less Php 25,000. 0. ORGANIZATIONAL â€Å"Will the new system be compatible with the existing system? † The new system will be made in such a way that it will be compatible with the existing manual enrollment system of the school, only more efficient and organized, and less hassle. The process of enrollment and subject enlistment is more or less the same. Only that instead of a Registrar personnel facing the enrollee, he is faced with a machine and he can enroll anytime day or night on the appointed schedule given without coming to school, except for special cases.Of course, like any new system applied, it will also take time getting used to, but not difficult to learn and apply. ETHICAL â€Å"Is the impact of the new system socially acceptable? † Since we are now in the ‘Computer Age,’ so to speak, this new system will be readily accepted by all. Many, if not all, are computer literate. This new system will not only be convenient for the students but for the Registrar’s Office and its personnel as well. How to cite Online Enrollment System, Papers

Statistics Business Research Global Businesses

Question: Discuss about theStatistics Business Researchfor Global Businesses. Answer: Introduction Global businesses reflect the requirements of the external situations in such a way that highlights the major objectives of the business. This occurred due to the problems, what a business suffer. It is essential for the organizations to accomplish the business function by considering the all of the business laws and other regulations. On the other hand, it can be predicted that the workers in a prescribed method that in within the main principle of labor law. In addition, it can be stated that the clients of an organization predicts that the firms aimed to provide them greater quality of goods and services during the organization earned the profitability. The community predictions are basically inconsistent with the owner of the organization. The reason is as there is no certainty of profits to the organization. However, the community cannot be completely accepted due to the state consideration through regulations. In this purpose, it can be mentioned that the state considerations a re benefitted. The basic concept of this study is to identify the necessities of CSR activities within a business. In this context, it can be mentioned that corporate social responsibility is helpful to increase the performance of the employees of an organization by satisfying the employees. On the contrary, it can be mentioned that some researchers have identified that corporate social responsibility is required to follow in case of community considerations. In addition, it can be mentioned that corporate social responsibility has a greater competitive advantage in the business of any organization. As per the statement of Hilson (2012), corporate social responsibility can highlight the nature of the community considerations in such a manner that the outcome of such initiatives are included for each of the organizations. Isaksson, Kiessling and Harvey (2014) opined that corporate social responsibility is a program that an organization used to follow and develop the business operations depending upon the five corporate factors such as stakeholders, economic angle, community views, non monetary services and the environmental conservation. As per the recent research, it can be noticed that corporate social responsibility can carried out within the organization to achieve the moral, business ethics, economic and the legal responsibilities by the stakeholders of the organization. Therefore, it can be mentioned that economic responsibilities are such as profit making venture and also suit the clients necessities. On the other hand, legal requirements are helpful to formulate the prima ry objectives of a business. Furthermore, it can be mentioned that voluntary requirements are not necessary but the stakeholders of the firms predict them as the part of the objectives of the organization, which is the evidence of good stewardship. Problem Statement In case of most of the organizations, corporate social responsibility can predict the corporate sponsorship, which is dealing with the several financial as well as the social community disturbances. In this connection, it can be mentioned that most of the organizations followed the corporate social responsibility or consider the pressure from the stakeholders. Nevertheless, the stakeholders are not considered as the voluntary endeavor. Moreover, it can be stated that not voluntary corporate social responsibility is taking the initiatives, which has been followed in the present times to identify the effect of corporate social responsibility within the community. According to Kesavan, Bernacchi and Mascarenhas (2013), it can be added that some efforts have been developed by the organizations to implement the corporate social responsibility program between the organizational subordinates and the consumers. It is rising in a difficult way to formulate the CSR program. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to highlight the impact of corporate social responsibility on the performance of an organization. Research Questions The main focus of this study is to identify the influential factors to implement the corporate social responsibility function within an organization. As a result, the objectives of this research will be to estimate the which financial factor make an impact on the formulation of corporate social responsibility function in an organization. It will be benefitted to estimate the management determinants to formulate the corporate social responsibility within the organization. Moreover, it can be stated that the investigation of the effect of governmental policy on the formulation of corporate social responsibility activities can determine whether the workers skills reflects the formulation of the CSR program. In this connection, the researcher will develop several questions such as: To critically examine how the financial factors reflect the corporate social responsibility program of a firm? To critically evaluate how the management support reflect the formulation of the corporate social responsibility program of a firm? Does the governmental policy reflect the formulation of corporate social responsibility program in a firm? Does the skill of the workers reflect the formulation of corporate social responsibility program of a firm? Background of the Research and Research Gap In this section, the researcher will review the empirical literature. This literature will highlight the several theories and models of books and the journals. The literature is also benefitted to identify the literature gap. This literature will be helpful to make a connection between the objectives and the outcome of the study. Nevertheless, Martnez and del Bosque (2013) criticized that as per the Baldrige criteria of the performance excellence can show the importance of CSR program as the part of the leadership model. This will be in turn helpful to lead to the quality for the better performance. The initial 1988 characteristics has focused to the connection with the organizational sustenance of guaranteeing the quality as well as the betterment initiatives beyond the organization. Moreover, the implementation of CSR initiatives is comparatively costly. Therefore, it can be stated that sometimes the implementation of CSR initiatives over the advantage, which may accumulate from these initiatives. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the cost may range among the ten to twenty percent of the overall cost as the cost of changing the organization's CSR initiatives is the major concerns before the implementation of corporate social responsibility. As per the opinion of McShane and Cunningham (2012), formulation of the corporate social responsibility program needs to change how the workers and the managers carry out the organizational responsibilities. This will assure that the organization will competitive against the competitors. The owner of the organization requires to understand the magnitude of the changing when they follow the corporate social responsibility. In addition, the organization also requires to consider some collection of changes that is the structure of the organization, the competitive environment and the strength of the competitive position. Managers support is a large factor, which is connected with the corporate social responsibility activities within a firm. In this context, it can be mentioned that this is depending upon the managements enthusiasm to reflect the plans of the CSR. Mirvis (2012) noticed that the managements support is a good indicator to implement the community assistance plan within the organization. The function, which does not have the backing of an organizations directors impedes the activities of corporate social responsibility program. Governmental policy will be helpful to implement the CSR program. Strategic planning highlights the organization of the internal resources of the organization to achieve the necessity of the external situations, therefore, the organisations can meet the strategic plan of the organization. Oberseder, Schlegelmilch and Murphy (2013) opined that the internal resources of a firm consist the financial resources and would be able to include the attributes of the individuals. Employee skills consider the expertise and knowledge, which is necessary for the performance on the allocated duties. This will significantly increase the productivity as well as can minimize the errors. This is essential for the team work in case of recruitment procedure. Training method reflect the job training, operating schools and this will duplicate the shop condition for the learners formerly to put them on the shop floor of classroom training, electronic training satellites or other updated technology in case of the recruitment procedure. The purpose of this training session is to increase the skills of the employees. As per the concept of literatures regarding the CSR program, researchers mainly aimed to the mitigation of the gap between the content of the present study and the previous study. Therefore, the researcher has highlighted the factors such as financial factors, management support, governmental support and the skill of the employees. In addition, the researcher has aimed to the development of corporate social responsibility program for the organisations of the other nations, mostly the organisations of Australia. Hence, it can be mentioned that this research paper has focused to mitigate the research gap by the investigation of the determinants. This will influence the formulation of the activities of corporate social responsibility program in the organisations of Australia. Research Methodology This study will conduct a descriptive cross sectional research technology. Descriptive design is used during the data collection approach. This design will be considered in order to discuss the phenomena as it already exists and can recognize and can obtain the information on the nature of a definite problem or issue. This method is preferable to collect the larger data within a short period of time. The researcher will choose those employees as the respondents, who are working with the organization more than one year. Therefore, it can be stated that employees, who are working in the organization for less than one year, will not be considered for the interview method. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that the researcher of this study will conduct the interview method for the data collection approach. In this respect, the researcher has developed several research questionnaires. The survey questionnaires were both open ended and close ended as well. IN order to test the research hypothesis, the researcher will develop a five point likert scale will be followed. Moreover, these survey questionnaires will be self administered. Expected Outcome After analyze the entire study, it can be mentioned that corporate social responsibility has a positive impact in the performance of the organization. In this connection, it can be added that the relevant literature review will be helpful to compare the outcome of this study with the former studies on the formulation of the importance of CSR program in an organization. Bibliography Ditlev-Simonsen, C.D. and Wenstp, F., 2013. How stakeholders view stakeholders as CSR motivators. Social responsibility journal, 9(1), pp.137-147. Hilson, G., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility in the extractive industries: Experiences from developing countries. Resources Policy, 37(2), pp.131-137. Isaksson, L., Kiessling, T. and Harvey, M., 2014. Corporate social responsibility: Why bother. Organizational Dynamics, 43(1), pp.64-72. Kesavan, R., Bernacchi, M.D. and Mascarenhas, O.A., 2013. Word of mouse: CSR communication and the social media. International Management Review, 9(1), p.58. Kim, Y., 2014. Strategic communication of corporate social responsibility (CSR): Effects of stated motives and corporate reputation on stakeholder responses. Public Relations Review, 40(5), pp.838-840. Leonidas, P., Mary, G., Theofilos, P. and Amalia, T., 2012. Managers Perceptions and Opinions towards Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Greece. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, pp.311-320. Martnez, P. and del Bosque, I.R., 2013. CSR and customer loyalty: The roles of trust, customer identification with the company and satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, pp.89-99. McShane, L. and Cunningham, P., 2012. To thine own self be true? Employees judgments of the authenticity of their organizations corporate social responsibility program. Journal of business ethics, 108(1), pp.81-100. Mirvis, P., 2012. Employee engagement and CSR. California Management Review, 54(4), pp.93-117. Oberseder, M., Schlegelmilch, B.B. and Murphy, P.E., 2013. CSR practices and consumer perceptions. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), pp.1839-1851. Prez, A. and Del Bosque, I.R., 2012. The role of CSR in the corporate identity of banking service providers. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(2), pp.145-166. Rangan, K., Chase, L. and Karim, S., 2015. The truth about CSR. Harvard Business Review, 93(1/2), pp.40-49.

Most Common Themes in Literature Flashcard

Most Common Themes in Literature

Free Essays on A History Of Christianity In Egypt

The history of Christianity in Egypt dates back verily to the beginnings of Christianity itself. Many Christians hold that Christianity was brought to Egypt by the Apostle Saint Mark in the early part of the first century AD. Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, in his Ecclesiastic History states that Saint Mark first came to Egypt between the first and third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, which would make it sometime between AD 41 and 44, and that he returned to Alexandria some twenty years later to preach and evangelize. Saint Mark's first convert in Alexandria was Anianus, a shoemaker who later was consecrated a bishop and became Patriarch of Alexandria after Saint Mark's martyrdom. This succession of Patriarchs has remained unbroken down to the present day, making the Egyptian Christian, or Coptic, Church one of the oldest Christian churches in existence. Evidence for this age comes in the form of the oldest Biblical papyri discovered in remote regions of Upper Egypt. These papy ri are written in the Coptic script and are older than even the oldest Greek copies of the Bible ordered by Constantine in AD 312. The Egyptians before Christianity had always been a deeply religious people, and many readily embraced the young religion, having had their old beliefs effectively destroyed by the coming of the Roman Empire and the final dethroning of the god-king Pharaohs. Many of the concepts of Christianity were already familiar to the Egyptians from their ancient religion, such as the death and resurrection of a god, the idea of the judgement of souls and a paradisiacal afterlife for the faithful. The ankh too, the Egyptian symbol for eternal life, is very similar to that of the cross revered by Christians (especially in the form of the Coptic cross, seen at right), itself also a symbol for eternal life. Furthermore, the belief that God had chosen Egypt as a safe place for His infant son to hide him from Herod was a great source of pride to... Free Essays on A History Of Christianity In Egypt Free Essays on A History Of Christianity In Egypt The history of Christianity in Egypt dates back verily to the beginnings of Christianity itself. Many Christians hold that Christianity was brought to Egypt by the Apostle Saint Mark in the early part of the first century AD. Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, in his Ecclesiastic History states that Saint Mark first came to Egypt between the first and third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, which would make it sometime between AD 41 and 44, and that he returned to Alexandria some twenty years later to preach and evangelize. Saint Mark's first convert in Alexandria was Anianus, a shoemaker who later was consecrated a bishop and became Patriarch of Alexandria after Saint Mark's martyrdom. This succession of Patriarchs has remained unbroken down to the present day, making the Egyptian Christian, or Coptic, Church one of the oldest Christian churches in existence. Evidence for this age comes in the form of the oldest Biblical papyri discovered in remote regions of Upper Egypt. These papy ri are written in the Coptic script and are older than even the oldest Greek copies of the Bible ordered by Constantine in AD 312. The Egyptians before Christianity had always been a deeply religious people, and many readily embraced the young religion, having had their old beliefs effectively destroyed by the coming of the Roman Empire and the final dethroning of the god-king Pharaohs. Many of the concepts of Christianity were already familiar to the Egyptians from their ancient religion, such as the death and resurrection of a god, the idea of the judgement of souls and a paradisiacal afterlife for the faithful. The ankh too, the Egyptian symbol for eternal life, is very similar to that of the cross revered by Christians (especially in the form of the Coptic cross, seen at right), itself also a symbol for eternal life. Furthermore, the belief that God had chosen Egypt as a safe place for His infant son to hide him from Herod was a great source of pride to...

Bowen Family Systems, Structual, and Strategic Models Theory Overview Research Paper

Bowen Family Systems, Structual, and Strategic Models Theory Overview - Research Paper Example According to these three theories, when one part of the system is influenced, then, the entire system is influenced, and thus the psychological dysfunction of an individual is contributed to, not by the individual factors, but by the holistic relationship and interaction of the family system (Kniskern, 165). In this respect, the three theoretical models of family systems share basic assumptions, while at the same time varying to some substantial degree regarding how the theories perceive the family system and the manner in which the society should intervene in matters of the system. Therefore, this analysis seeks to discuss the three theoretical models of the Family Systems Theory, with a view to defining the theories, explaining their development, discussing their assumptions, presenting the applications of the theories and finally assessing their criticisms. This is a theoretical model of the Family Systems Theory, which emphasizes on the differentiation of the context of the family emotional systems (Stanton, 253). Therefore, its therapeutic application requires that individuals must first differentiate/separate from their families of origin, before they embark on dealing with the present issues of their relationships or their nuclear families (Stanton, 258). Thus, the model theory is mostly applied to understand the family process, so the individual can be able to understand the present situation, based on their past roles, relationships and interactions with their families. The model was established in 1931 by Murray Bowen. The fundamental objective of the theory is to help reduce chronic anxiety within individuals, through accounting for every aspect of human behaviors (Stanton, 254). The major assumption of this theory is that; behavioral change cannot be effective, where the individual does not have adequate and deeper insight in relation to the causes of a behavior. Therefore, the model seeks to create insight into the family processes that

Can free trade withstand recession Dissertation

Can free trade withstand recession - Dissertation Example Demand for fair trade during recession 4.1 Consumer buying behaviour during difficult times†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦25 4.2 how will a prolonged recession effect the fair trade movement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27 Introduction: Fair trade is said to increase the level of economic activities within as well as across national boundaries. This provides greater levels of economic and financial advantage to national as well as international suppliers of goods and services and also increases the profit earning ability of these suppliers. This reduces costs of purchasing various goods and services both in national and international markets. Fair trade is expected to reduce the price elasticity of demand of variou s goods and services and also to affect the altruistic behaviour of consumers. During the period of recession or economic and financial crisis practices related to fair trade is expected to reduce the negative economic impacts by increasing the volume of demand and thus production and income. By controlling international prices for various goods and services fair trade practices are expected to make significant effects on economic policies used for preventing recession. But there are also some obstacles which are created by recession on fair trade practices. This paper is aimed at providing an answer to the question that whether fair trade can withstand with recession or not. 1. Fair Trade 1.1 What is fair trade? â€Å"Fair trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect that seek greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing... This paper is aimed at providing an answer to the question that whether fair trade can withstand with recession or not. Fair trade is said to increase the level of economic activities within as well as across national boundaries. This provides greater levels of economic and financial advantage to national as well as international suppliers of goods and services and also increases the profit earning ability of these suppliers. This reduces costs of purchasing various goods and services both in national and international markets. Fair trade is expected to reduce the price elasticity of demand of various goods and services and also to affect the altruistic behaviour of consumers. During the period of recession or economic and financial crisis practices related to fair trade is expected to reduce the negative economic impacts by increasing the volume of demand and thus production and income. By controlling international prices for various goods and services fair trade practices are expe cted to make significant effects on economic policies used for preventing recession. But there are also some obstacles which are created by recession on fair trade practices. The dimension of free trade arose with the development perspective of the excluded and disadvantaged producers with a view to promote sustainability to them and achieving better trading conditions. Fair trade is a concept arising from the realms of free trade. Therefore before elucidating the concept of fair trade a short discussion about the notion of free trade entails some necessity.

Approaches To Training And Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Approaches To Training And Development - Essay Example Suraj Seth (Senior trainer of AFTH Training center) and Hr manager of Gold Star hotel Induction or orientation program for Purchase Manager Performance Improvement training program Details of the Induction Training program The Purchase manager need be offered with the performance improvement training program in order to enhance his inner skills and talents. Performance improvement training program might not only enhances the skills but also amplify the level of performance and productivity of the individual and the organization. It might also help in enhancing the level of dedication and commitment of the Purchase manager towards his or her assigned duties and responsibilities (Saks & et. al., 2010). ... This type of performance improvement and highly-interactive training program might help the accounts manager to develop a high-level of relationship with varied other members. Induction Program details For the Accounts Manager Full week (Saturday to Thursday) Starting time: 8:00 A.M Finishing time : 5:00 P.M Lunch break (12.00 P.M – 1:00 PM, every day) Both general and specialist training programs would be conducted by the experienced and specialised staffs of Accounts section Location: Accounts department Method of training- by electronic sources Training provider- Mr. Rao (Senior Accounts manager of AFTH Training centre) The Mandatory program details for all the above mentioned new staffs: Requisite time-frame Welcome presentation of the manager of Abu Dhabi on the Sunday Fire Drilling procedures on Sunday Visiting to UNB bank for opening of bank accounts on Tuesday Visit to Al Jimi Preventative Health Clinic to resolve any sort of health problems on Monday Visit to the hote l facilities of Gold Star  

Case Study: Boeing Corporation

Case Study: Boeing Corporation Boeing Corporation is one of the largest aircraft companies in the world that supplies its products to customers globally. It supplies top of the line commercial aircraft as well as high technology military aeroplanes to various organisations. The products are the passenger, cargo and military aircraft which have strict safety and performance regulations binding them. The operations of the company are complex and at a huge scale which make management planning an absolute necessity for the company to carry out business in an efficient manner. Management planning comes into play at every level in the companys hierarchy and has a pivotal role in the success that the company has attained. Management Planning is the procedure of earmarking goals and objectives for an organisation to accomplish over a specified period of time. All actions and tasks requiring completion in order to attain the final goal are encompassed in a plan. Plans must have enough flexibility to cater for account variables and unexpected events and avoid the confusion that may arise in a case of unforeseen challenges or troubles. The Boeing Corporation has a number of departments; mechanical department, engineering department, quality checking department and sales department being the major ones. The aspect of planning is of paramount importance in all these departments. In each of these departments, efficiency is achieved by setting goals and outlining the methods to be followed to achieve the set goal. This includes explaining the steps that need to be followed by addressing issues of resources, management etc., finally aimed at achieving the best levels of efficiency The process of management planning undergoes five basic steps. Initially, a situational analysis is carried out. This involves deciding on the various factors and the manner in which they are likely to affect goal attainment and the manner in which these factors will affect the attainment of the goal. This assists the management to understand which steps are vital for goal accomplishment. In the next step alternative goals and plans for it are thought of. Formulation of multiple plans and then comparing them against one another is extremely beneficial, giving the management an insight into the pros and cons of each plan. Subsequently, all alternative plans and goals will be amalgamated into a single plan. The third step involves evaluation of the goals and plans created, and arrive at the benefits and drawbacks of each goal in the overall plan. Simultaneously, the most important steps in the plan can be prioritised, and roles assigned to the staff who the manager thinks are best suited for the job. In the fourth step, on the basis of the input of the first three steps, the management is required to shortlist the final plan to be used. This calls for acute judgment and analysis on the part of the manager to finally decide which plan is to be implemented. The actual implementation of the final plan by the manager is the last step. The manager has an important role in explaining the salient aspects of the plan to all staff involved in its execution, to ensure that all members are aware of the overall plan, and success is assured. In Boeing Corporation, since a large number of departments are involved, the plan of each department needs to be coordinated and synchronised with other departments. In this manner, the entire company is able to function as a well coordinated and oiled machine. Legal issues assume great importance in Boeing Corporation as the products can get the company involved in legal tangles, as human lives and safety aspects are involved. The company, therefore, has to ensure that all legislations and regulations are adhered to in the process of aircraft manufacture. For example, for every aircraft manufactured, an operating manual has to be created for both mechanics and pilots, so that safety aspects are taken care of. The requirement of the manuals has to be kept in mind during planning so that plans are made for dealing with any malfunction or repair issues that may arise in the future (Pritchard MacPherson, 2004). The management planning is influenced by many ethical issues also. When the company is bidding products to the United States Army, the company has the largest ethical issue concern, because they follow the guidelines (Pritchard MacPherson, 2004). The laws have been formulated and followed rigorously to avert the company authorities from unlawfully beguiling the concerned armed forces personnel with pecuniary offerings. So the responsibility lies with the sales and accounts department to consider theses factors while making their bidding plans and sales plans for the company. An individual or an organisations actions that benefit the society more than oneself or the organisation is known as social responsibility. As a corporation, Boeing is also concerned about its corporate social responsibility. As an airlines company, one of the major social responsibility that the company carries out is Research and Development to increase costumers choices and to be able to provide safe and effective service for its costumers. This can be seen in the high safety standards that the company has been maintained by constant research and improvement. Another example of corporate social responsibility was shown by Boeing when a national effort was made to raise finances for funding medical research to find cures for leukaemia affecting children under the leadership of the CEO of Boeing (Besser, 2002). Though this was under the overall stewardship of the CEO, the initiative of a member of the organisation does reflect on the entire organisation itself. Boeing being a large corporation is more focused on its strategic planning, which results in establishing the objectives broad enough for the operation of the company. The strategic planning devised by the company is used while doing business with the Airlines Industry, Community and the Military. An airline manufacturer is always concerned about the reliability and performance of his products (Prichard 2004). So when a company formulates its strategic planning, it helps him to look at the wider range of objects resulting in his production of products which are high in reliability as well as give peak performance. In recent years even the customers have started to demand more environment-friendly products, which could be because of the environment changes, one of the reasons being Globalization. For a large corporation as the Boeing, the main broad objective set by the organisation is the strategic planning. This is the tactical move; the company makes use of while doing business with the Airline Industry, Community or the Military. According to Prichard 2004, for an airline manufacturer, two aspects are the most important; they are the Reliability and the Performance. So to create products of high reliability and to achieve peak performance from it, the most helpful device is the strategic planning. This helps the company to have a broader vision of the environment while helping to formulate strategies. Recently, the customers are more inclined towards the products which are environment-friendly, which may be due to the changes affecting them due to Globalization. So the company had to rework on its strategic plans to satisfy the growing needs of its customers (Gonzalez 2007). Not only this, the company uses tactical planning in each of its departments. Through tactical planning, the company is able to achieve the highest order of efficiency in all its departments. For example, the manufacturing department formulates tactical planning of producing assembly stations within the plant, which facilitates the workers to assemble the aircraft parts efficiently and swiftly. The tactical planning is similar to the operational planning but only differs in dealing with managers at the lowest end of the hierarchical chain. These managers ensure that the non-managerial staff is performing their duties properly. These managers are also concerned with the quality control of the physical operations being done by the company.

Does ‘The American Scholar’ Reflect the Values of the Declaration of In

Every country today differentiates each other through having a unique identity of which the elements are cultures, tradition and religion. Even a country like America was once under the rule of the British. However this did not last as long as it did in India as the people fought back and won what is today called â€Å"The War of Independence.† During the time the British ruled various countries they had taught the people under them their ways of conducting every activity in life. In America even after the British were gone the way people lived their lives were still the way they had learned from the British. One such ways of conduct was vividly observable in written literature. Then began the argument that the literature in America should be written differently from how the British would. In 1837 Ralph Waldo Emerson delivered a speech called The American Scholar at Cambridge, Massachusetts to criticize how the Americans still kept alive what they had learned from the British and to remind people the real American culture in every aspect of their lives. Emerson stated that every citizen in America has the right to freedom and to display their own culture. In literature he suggested that scholars can form a new way of writing through nature than memorizing the writings of other authors. The writings of the other authors were present before young scholars in books that limited new ideas. Such history had occurred because of the actions gone wrong by the people in accepting the influences of the Europeans. Emerson was therefore a transcendentalist. The speech delivered by Emerson indicates the reason why it is important for a man to be free. According to the constitution of U.S (n.d) in the bill of rights every citizen has the right to ... ... just the scholars but every citizen in America the importance of preserving their own culture with originality in everyone’s ideologies. He has attempted to provide elements through which the new form of literature can grow and it has evidently helped literature in America be more research based and not scholars memorizing from previous texts written by other authors. The American scholar was thus a historic speech that encouraged scholars since to write with freedom encouraging arguments to discover truth for any matter to be discussed. Works Cited http://www.history.com/topics/constitution http://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/american-government/the-constitution/summary-of-the-constitution http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111emerson-2.html http://www.shareyouressays.com/99753/short-summary-of-the-american-scholar-by-ralph-waldo-emerson

History Marking Scheme

Junior Certificate History Exam 2012 (Higher Level) 180 marks 150 minutes   S. 1 Pictures (15 marks) (8 ? %) 3 Pictures with 3 questions each S. 2 Documents (15 marks) (8 ? %) 2 Documents with 4/5 questions each S. 3 Short Questions (20 marks) (11 %) 20 Short Questions – Do TEN at least S. 4 People in History (40 marks – 2 x 20) (22%) N. B. DO ONE option from A & ONE option from B Section A – Ancient Civilisations/ Rome/ Early Christian Ireland/ Middle Ages/ RenaissanceSection B – Age of Revolutions/ Industrial Revolution/ Political Change in 20th Century Ireland/ S. 5 Long Document (30 marks) (16 ? %) ONLY ONE of the following sections will come up. Reformation Age of Revolutions (America, France, Ireland) Age of Exploration Industrial Revolution & 19th Century Ireland (Famine) Plantations S. 6 (60 marks) (33 1/3%) N. B. International Relations in the 20th Century (30) Political Change in 20th Century Ireland (30) (+ Two other sections from Junior Cert Course e. g. The Middle Ages/ Prehistoric Ireland) SECTION 4: PEOPLE IN HISTORY (2 x 20 marks)Do ONE OPTION from Part A & ONE OPTION from Part B Marking Scheme: SRS = Significant Relevant Statement (Each SRS = 2 marks) CM = 16 (8 x 2M) OM = Overall Mark OM = 4 VERY GOOD = 4M; GOOD = 3M; FAIR = 2M; POOR = 1M Guidelines: 1) ENSURE that you are writing from the correct perspective e. g. a supporter of a named revolutionary 2) Always include an introductory paragraph on the birth and early life of a named explorer/ reformer/ revolutionary leader etc. 3) Ensure that you STATE & EXPLAIN key concepts e. g. ‘Justification by Faith Alone’/ Republicanism/ Sailing West to reach the East Indies ) ALWAYS name & describe the widely-held beliefs of the time of the named person e. g. Church control over peoples’ religious beliefs/ Flat-Earth/ Ireland as part of the UK/ USA as a colony of England/ 5) NAME the group(s)/ organisation(s) who were founded by or supported the beliefs of the named person 6) ALWAYS NAME & DESCRIBE the impact of inventions/ innovations that aided the stated person & their beliefs/ revolution e. g. Printing Press/ Astrolabe/ Magnetic Compass/ Seed Drill/ Selective Breeding/ Factory System/ Steam Locomotive/ Home Rule/ IRB Fenianism/ Fascism/ Communism/ ) DESCRIBE & EXPLAIN how people and institutions reacted to the named person’s beliefs/ discoveries e. g. the Counter-Reformation/ superstitions of sailors during the Age of Discovery/ British refusal to accept Irish Independence/ 8) DESCRIBE the impact of the named person on later history itself: Spread of Protestantism throughout Europe/ Counter-Reformation/ Spanish Inquisition/ Discovery of American Continents/ New Colonies/ New ways of travelling/ Spread of Irish Republicanism/ Spread of Communism/ Spread of Fascism in Europe PART A OPTIONS (PEOPLE IN HISTORY) EARLY MODERN EUROPE & IRELAND A monk in an early Christian monastery in Ireland (2011/ 07/ 05) N. B. – A per son living in a named ancient civilisation OUTSIDE of Ireland. (11/ 09/ 06/ 04) N. B. – A farmer living in ancient (pre-Christian) Ireland. (08/ 05) – A named religious reformer at the time of the Reformation (2011/ 08) N. B. – An archaeologist working on a dig. (2010/ 07/ 04) – The lord or lady of a medieval castle. (2010/ 08) – A knight living in a medieval castle. (05) N. B. A named Renaissance artist from OUTSIDE of Italy. (2009) N. B. – A named Renaissance artist or sculptor (07 (PART B)/ 04) N. B. PART B OPTIONS (PEOPLE IN HISTORY) Later Modern Europe & Ireland – A named leader on a voyage during the Age of Exploration (2011/ 09/ 06 (PART A) N. B. – A native Irish landowner who lost land in a named plantation during the 16th or 17th centuries. (2011) – A settler who received land during a named plantation in Ireland during the 16th or 17th N. B. entury. (08/ 06 (PART A)/ 04) – A mine or factory worker during the Industrial Revolution. (07) N. B. – A factory or mine owner during the Industrial Revolution (05) N. B. – A named leader in the struggle for Irish independence, 1900-1921. (2011/ 07/ 05) N. B. – A named leader involved in a revolution (America, France or Ireland) during the period, 1770-1815. (2010/ 05) N. B. – A supporter of a named revolutionary leader during the period, 1770-1803. 06) N. B. – A named leader involved in one of the crises during the rise of the superpowers (Berlin Blockade; Korean War; Cuban Missile Crisis). (2010/ 06) N. B. – A named political leader in the Republic of Ireland during the period, 1960-1985. (08 ) – An old person describing changes that have occurred in communications in Ireland since 1945. (04) A – A named religious reformer at the time of the Reformation. (20 marks) A specific reformer (eg: Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII) must be named or implied, but no marks are awarded for the reformerâ⠂¬â„¢s name.If the name of the reformer is not mentioned, or is incorrect, but the material relates to a specific reformer, max. OM = 3. In the case of Luther, treat all material up to and including his ordination as ‘background’, i. e. 1 SRS max. In the case of Calvin, treat all material up to and including his conversion to Luther’s teaching as ‘background’, i. e. 1 SRS max. List of ‘abuses’, stated or explained, = 1 SRS. A belief/teaching explained = 1 SRS. A belief coupled with the relevant Catholic teaching = 1 SRS. 2 merely stated beliefs/teachings = 1 SRS. Teachings/beliefs = 3 SRSs max. ESSAY PLAN: NAME the reformer/ year of birth/ background & education – NAME & EXPLAIN the list of abuses within the Roman Church: – STATE the reformer’s beliefs and opinion of abuses in detail – NAME the steps he took to address these abuses – STATE & DESCRIBE the Church’s reaction to the reformer’s actions/ beliefs – NAME the reformer’s beliefs and EXPLAIN N. B. ***** – NAME any associates who aided the reformer – NAME any invention/ innovation that helped to spread the reformer’s beliefs – DESCRIBE the impact of the reformer’s teachings/ beliefs – DESCRIBE how the Church reacted to the reformerA – A knight living in a medieval castle. – Castle or Knight only dealt with – 1 OM. – Name of a castle feature + description / function = 1 SRS. – Mere list of castle features without description/function – 2 features = 1 SRS. ESSAY PLAN: – NAME yourself (you are the knight) – STATE who your LORD is and your allegiance to him – DESCRIBE WHAT YOUR ROLE is in the CASTLE & HOW you defend it – NAME & DESCRIBE WHERE the LORD & HIS FAMILY LIVES (KEEP) – DESCRIBE 3 DEFENSIVE FEATURES OF the castle – DESCRIBE the 3 STAGES of becoming a medieval knight â⠂¬â€œ DESCRIBE the tournaments & jousts that you regularly participate in DESCRIBE your belief in the ‘Code of CHIVALRY’ N. B. *** B – A supporter of a named revolutionary leader (USA, France, Ireland), 1770-1803. Do not award marks for naming the revolutionary leader. In the case of George Washington, treat all material prior to the First Continental Congress as ‘background’, i. e. 1 SRS max. In the case of Robespierre, treat all material prior to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 as ‘background’, i. e. 1 SRS max. In the case of Wolfe Tone, treat all material prior to the founding of the United Irishmen as ‘background, i. e. 1 SRS max.In the case of Robert Emmet, treat all material prior to his involvement with the United Irishmen as ‘background’, i. e. 1 SRS max. ESSAY PLAN: – NAME the leader who you are supporting – NAME the country & time period (1765 – 1783) – STATE YOUR REA SONS for supporting the revolutionary leader i. e. taxes/ interference from colonial power etc. – NAME the reasons why a revolution is taking place – NAME & DESCRIBE AT LEAST TWO incidents where conflict has occurred between the revolutionaries & the colonial power – DESCRIBE how the RULING POWER is reacting to THIS REVOLUTIONARY & Revolution NAME & DESCRIBE any documents or beliefs expressed by this revolutionary leader or revolutionary group – STATE what the revolutionary leader is aiming for i. e. a coming decisive battle B – A named revolutionary leader (USA, France or Ireland) No marks for the revolutionary leader’s name. – If the material clearly relates to a particular revolutionary leader without the person being named, mark on its merits. – In the case of George Washington, treat all material prior to the First Continental Congress as background, i. e. 1 SRS. In the case of Robespierre, treat all material prior to the outbreak of Revolution in1789 as background. – In the case of Wolfe Tone, treat all material prior to the founding of the United Irishmen in 1791 as background. – In the case of Robert Emmet, treat all material prior to his involvement with the United Irishmen as background. ESAY PLAN: SAME AS ABOVE EXCEPT FROM the REVOLUTIONARY LEADER’S POINT OF VIEW B – A factory/mine owner during the Industrial Revolution in Britain, c. 1850. – If the answer is exclusively from the perspective of the factory worker, Max CM = 8 Max OM =0.ESSAY PLAN: (*** YOU are the factory owner) – NAME the factory/ mine owner – STATE what type of factory/ mine you own – NAME the part of England your factory is in – DESCRIBE what your factory produces and where you sell/ exports your goods – NAME & DESCRIBE how and where you get your raw materials i. e. coal, water-power etc. – NAME the inventions that you use in your factory – DE SCRIBE how you transport your raw materials INTO your factory and how you transport your goods OUT of your factory – DESCRIBE the workers who work in your factory, what hours they work, their working conditions and pay. DESCRIBE the living conditions of your workers and HOW you have attempted to make their lives better – STATE what hobbies or leisure activities you like i. e. gambling, betting on bare-knuckle fights etc. A factory/ mine worker during the Industrial Revolution (As above EXCEPT from the WORKER’S PERSPECTIVE) B – A named leader in Irish independence struggle, 1916-1923. – No marks for the leader’s name. – Background material i. e. pre-1916 = 1 SRS; Post-1923 material = 1 SRS. ESSAY PLAN: – STATE where and when the leader was born – STATE the background of the leader i. e. education/ work etc. NAME the organisation that the leader joined and WHEN – NAME other people who the leader was associated with – STATE the political beliefs of this leader – STATE & DESCRIBE what role the leader played in the Irish Independence struggle e. g. Minister for Finance in the 1st Dail N. B. ** – STATE whether or not this leader was part of the Sinn Fein delegation to London for the Anglo-Irish Treaty Negotiations of 1921 – STATE whether this leader was PRO-TREATY or ANTI-TREATY in 1922/ 1923 – GIVE THEIR REASONS for being PRO-TREATY or ANTI-TREATY – DESCRIBE the rest of the leader’s careerSection 5 Long Document Question (30 marks) – Famine, Emigration & De-population in 19th Century Ireland (2004) – Exploration, Vespucci & Impacts on Indigenous Populations (2005) – Famine, Emigration & De-Population in 19th Century Ireland (2006) – Reformation, Papal Bull & Counter-Reformation (2007) – French & Irish Revolutions in 18th Century (2008) – Plantations in 17th Century Ireland (2009) – Exploration, Spani sh & Portuguese (2010) – Rural Ireland & Industrial England in the 19th Century (2011) Structure of Question: Part A – Answers derived from 1st Source. USE QUOTATIONS & EVIDENCE from Source (8-10 marks)Part B – Answers derived from 2nd/ 3rd Sources USE QUOTATIONS & EVIDENCE from Source or Contextual/ Background Information require on topic (8 – 10 marks) Part C – Answer ONE from 3 Options Contextual/ Background Information required on topic (10 – 12 marks) Part C: Usually requires a short paragraph answer worth 10 or 12 marks. It is important that you write at length on whatever topic you are asked e. g. ‘Problems faced by Irish Immigrants abroad’ or the ‘Counter-Reformation in Europe’.Ensure that you have at least 5 – 6 clear points of information on each of the following topics: (next page) (Check the relevant webpages on the History site under Junior Certificate History for examples of these) Part C Exampl es: †¢ Counter-Reformation †¢ Consequences of the Reformation for Ireland †¢ Urbanisation, Health, Lifestyle & Pastimes of Industrial England †¢ Impact of Famine & Problems faced by Immigrants abroad †¢ Conflict between European Powers as a consequence of Exploration †¢ Impacts on indigenous Populations by Explorations †¢ Religious, Political & Cultural Impacts of Plantations in Ireland Brehon Law, Language & Customs †¢ Causes & Impacts of French, American & Irish Rebellions/ Revolutions †¢ Reign of Terror Section 6 (60 marks) Do two options from (A), (B), (C) and (D). (2 x 30 marks) Political Developments in 20th Century Ireland Question divided into 2 or 3 parts: short questions followed by 10 or 12 mark questions. The ten mark questions to be prepared are as follows: – 1) Home Rule Crisis 1912 – 1914 2) 1916 Rising 3) 1918 General Election 4) War of Independence 1919 – 1921 5) Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 (& split in Si nn Fein) 6) Irish Civil War 1922 – 1923 7) Cumann na Gaedheal Government 1923 – 1932 ) DeValera & ‘Dismantling the Treaty’ 1932 – 1938 9) The ‘Emergency (neutrality) 1939 – 1945 10) The 1st Inter-Party Government 1948 – 1951 11) 1950’s Ireland 12) Sean Lemass & 1960’s Ireland (1st Programme for Economic Expansion) – Also Northern Ireland 1) N. Ireland during WWII 2) Civil Right Movement in late 1960’s 3) The ‘Troubles’ For key terms and short questions, check the webpage ‘Political Developments in 20th Century Ireland’ on the History website under Junior Cert. History International Relations in the 20th Century Question divided into 2 or 3 parts: short questions followed by 10 or 12 mark questions.Ten mark questions to be prepared are as follows: 1) Lenin & Russian Revolution 1917 2) Treaty of Versailles 1919 3) Mussolini’s Italy 4) Nazi Rise to Power 1927 – 1933 5) Nazi Germany 1933 – 1939 (Totalitarianism & Propaganda) 6) Hitler’s Foreign Policy 1933 – 1939 7) World War II 8) The Cold War: a) Berlin Blockade b) Korean War c) Cuban Missile Crisis For key terms and short questions, check the webpage ‘International Relations in the 20th Century’ on the website under Junior Cert. History ———————– Reformation Rural Ireland, Famine & Industrial England in 19th Century Age of Exploration Plantations Age of Revolutions

Seven Missteps to Avoid in Your Business Blog

Seven Missteps to Avoid in Your Business Blog According to data analysis by HubSpot, small businesses that blog get 55% more website visitors and 126% more lead growth than small businesses that do not blog. If you own a small business and dont blog, you are missing out on a valuable opportunity to generate traffic to your website and position yourself as an expert in your field.However, as with any endeavor, the process of blogging for your business often comes with a few missteps, especially for businesses that are new to the concept of blogging to increase their potential customer base. Whether you have blogged for your business for years or are just now starting to take advantage of this wonderful marketing opportunity, learning to avoid these common errors will help ensure your blog is a success.Misstep 1 - It isnt your personal blog - dont write it like oneWhile personal anecdotes and observations can help your clients get to know you as a business owner, focusing too much on yourself and not enough on your business will drive customers away. Your companys blog should be a space for discourse and education on topics related to the companys focus. Specific things to avoid are politics (unless you run a political organization); religion (unless you run a religious organization); or controversial topics that have nothing to do with your business, your product, or the services you offer.Misstep 2 - Avoid discussing insider informationRemember- anything you put in print (whether online or otherwise) could have potential for litigation. Discussing insider information, particularly if you are a franchise of a larger company, could have legal consequences and might end up being more trouble that you anticipated. Beyond this, it is unprofessional to go public with information that should be kept private, or among your employees.Misstep 3 - Dont discuss company dramaEvery workplace has its share of drama- some more than others. However, airing that dirty laundry through the company blog is unprofessional. Keep workplace conflict out of the publics eye in order to maintain your companys reputation, and never use a blog for a personal vendetta against a co-worker, co-owner, or the competition.Misstep 4 - Dont relate news, statistics, or published information without citing the sourceBeyond the fact that its plagiarism, including information on your blog that is not properly cited looks sloppy and untrustworthy. With so much information available on the web, and so much misinformation published daily, you dont want your business blog to run the risk of being seen as misleading. You will lose readers quickly by doing this.Citing sources can be as simple as including where you found it within your text, creating a hyperlink to the original source, or including a citation at the bottom of the blog- just as you would do if you were writing an academic paper. Particularly if your blog is written to show your expertise to potential clients, youll want to make sure your writing is seen as a l egitimate and valid source of trustworthy information.Misstep 5 - Dont limit your blog to written contentInternet users are accustomed to a wide variety of content online, including videos, photos, graphs, music, and written words. Limiting your blog to the written word not only makes it boring to read (regardless of how great your content is)- it also limits your audience. Ask any marketing professional and theyll tell you that using a variety of tactics and media is the best way to attract potential customers. For this reason, you can immediately make your blog more interesting and more likely to have a larger audience if you include photos, videos, graphs, or other types of media. These media also work well as posts on social media to attract readers to your blog.Misstep 6 - Dont allow your blog to become outdatedYouve seen it before- a business has a great website with a blog, but when you start reading the content, you find that most of the information was written years ago. This is bad for two reasons. First, outdated content makes your business appear outdated. If the last blog entry you posted was in 2010 and it is now 2014, anyone reading that content or visiting your website will wonder if you are still in business. Second, if the purpose of your blog is to draw more traffic to your website, the only way this will happen is if you continue to add fresh content on a regular basis. Constant activity on a website not only helps search engines like Google find your pages, it also makes your page rank higher when those search engine results are returned to an internet user. Higher page rankings mean more traffic.Misstep 7 - Dont neglect your audienceMost blogging platforms allow for comments from readers. This is a great asset to your blog because it shows that people are reading and that your content is generating interest. Responding to these comments allows your readers the opportunity to interact with you and benefit from your expertise, which ulti mately draws customers to your door. Responding to criticism is equally as important, since criticism will help you improve your business and will show that you care about your customers or clients.Blogs are also easy targets for spammers, so not paying attention to the comments could make your blog appear unprofessional. One way to avoid the spamming is to set your blog to post only comments that you approve. If you do this, be sure to also approve the comments that question the content youve written. Replying to that questioning not only shows your expertise- it shows that you are confident enough in your content to defend it. Just keep the replies professional.

buy custom Mini Car Case Study essay

buy custom Mini Car Case Study essay Global Control is a strategy whereby a firm controls all the processes of production, sales, advertisement and promotion in the international market. Local autonomy, on the other hand, is a strategy whereby the producer company controls all the processes of production, sale, promotion and advertisement of a product. A Mini is a small car. It is a product of the British Motor Corporation. This company has used a promotion strategy that comprises of a mixture of global control and local autonomy. This mixture of strategies has its advantages and its disadvantages. Advantages of adopting a mixture of global control and local autonomy strategies It enables the manufacturer to edge money market fluctuations. Here, the company avoids countries that have high foreign currency exchange rates. It does business with countries that have low exchange rates to ensure it does not lose profits. This strategy also promotes revenue stability. Different countries are experiencing different economic challenges. When there is a recession in one market, the other one could be experiencing a boom. Therefore, the company in question has a choice to trade in the performing countries, thus promoting sales. It enables producers to satisfy a wide variety of customers. This is because the firm reaches out to both the local and the international markets. Thus, it can tell the countries and, or areas where they make most sales. The producer is also able to satisfy the consumer niche. This refers to tastes and preferences of consumers. The producer gets a chance to interact with various consumers both locally and internationally. The mixture of policy promotes international integration. This is extremely crucial to a company like this one that manufactures vehicles, as it does not target local markets alone. This is because they are unusually small and easily get saturated. International integration prevents the possibility of rivalry among countries in question. It also promotes the stability of the balance of payment. The Mini car manufacturing company benefits from the ability to practice transfer pricing. It also gains from the benefits that come with large-scale production and promotion. These are the economies of scale. This is the case, since a unit cost o promoting their commodity translates in to a large geographical coverage of the market, there by resulting in too much sales. The manufacturing company is prone to effects of differences in tax regimes. Different countries have different tax rates that they levy on imports and exports. When undertaking the Global control strategy, this company will have to encounter these different tax regimes. There is also the disadvantage of fluctuating exchange rates. These exchange rates change because different countries enact different policies to control their imports and exports. (Claire, 2002) The Mini manufacturing company will also encounter challenges caused by social-economic factors such as per capita income. This differs from country to country. It also differs with time in I given country. It refers to the total income that every citizen earns in that country. It dictates the ability of people in a given country, to buy the commodity. In this case, it is a car. One may find out that,in some countries, people earn too little and that only few people can manage to buy luxurious commodities such as cars. This would mean that no matter the degree of product promotion, remarkably few sales could be made. (Cappellin Giuliani, 2004) The company might also be faced with the enemy character situation. If the destination country is at war with the exporting country, then, the importing country could chose not to import from them again. The final consumers may also decline to buy those products. In such a case, the Mini car manufacturing company would be on the losing end. When we consider the merits and demerits of using a mixture of the two strategies, I would recommend that the Mini manufacturing company continue using that mixture. The company must exploit the local market to the fullest. This is because it does not have many legal formalities, as is the case with international market. However, the firm must target international markets too. The local market is likely to be too small for it to consume all their cars. It is also likely to be easily saturated. These two reasons, therefore, would limit the company to manufacture lower than the capacity it has. (Fisher, 1991) Methods of guerilla marketing This refers to inconsiistent advertisement marketing. The company should use product re-launch strategy. Here, a company conducts innovative car improvement, and then it launches the improved car. The company could also use product re-branding strategy. In this case, the car brand name may be changed, and then the same car gets back to the market. The Mini car manufacturing company could also employ group-marketing strategy. For example, it may offer after sale services such as free car repair for may be one year. (Claire, 2002) Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability These are the strategies that the company can put in place in order to give back to the society. The company may achieve this by manufacturing an environmental friendly car that emits less carbon. The ANSOFF model is a strategic marketing plan, where a company decides on whether to launch a product in a new market or to re-launch it in a pre-existing market. The BMW Company should adopt the existing market to existing market strategy as it always has the highest pay off. Brand extension and franchising of the brand to other companies In order for BMW Company to extend the brand name of the E-model, it may re-launch the Mini as a personalized car. It may also re-launch it as a luxury vehicle. The other option is to re-launch the Mini car as a rally car. Franchising is the act of allowing a company to produce a product and then it uses the brand name of another prominent company. The BMW Company cannot franchise the brand to other companies, as the brand is not yet popular in the market. Therefore, an attempt to franchise the brand name may cause the dependent company to make poor sales. After the launching of the E-car model, the BMW Company can extend the brand away from cars. This could be quite wise since an advertisement of one of the products bearing the brand could end up promoting every other commodity that has that brand. Rallies are quite popular in the field of sports. Therefore, rallying the new brand would act as an advertisement for the brand. The rallying car should be customized to be exceptionally fast, so that it can be outstanding in the rally. This could create a positive impression of the brand. 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Quality Function Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Quality Function Development - Essay Example two factors would lead to confusion and misinterpretation of data when a product moves from the market research stage to design stage and then to engineering stage and at last to manufacturing stage. One can quite often find that once the customer expectations are passing from the market research stage to manufacturing stage (Bunch, 2003, pp.31-36) a lot of their expectations would be lost in each stages and the voice of the organization enters into the product design stage. As a result the company goes in for incorporating in the product what the customers had not asked in for rather than incorporating in the product what the customers had asked in for (Cochran, 2003, pp.43-47). But if the company goes in for incorporating QFD system then the companies can always go in for incorporating the customer's expectations in the product. QFD helps in removing the design error so that company need not spend money and time in redesigning the product. QFD is a set of graphically oriented planning matrices that helps in identifying factors based on which decisions can be made during any phase of the product development cycle (Gordon, 2003, pp.37-40). QFD is nothing but a perfect blue print for quality by design. The results of incorporating QFD in an organization can be measured by looking into the number of designs and engineering changes brought in during the product development and manufacturing stage. It can also be evaluated based on the cost incurred quality of product and time taken to market the product after incorporating QFD (Franco, 2001, pp.28-32) and what had been the value of these factors before QFD was implemented. Once QFD is implemented then the amount of time and money spent by an organization on redesigning and modifications drastically comes down. Once... From this paper it is clear that  an organization that properly implements Quality Function Development can improve their engineering knowledge in producing a particular product; this can in turn improve productivity and quality of the product and can also cut down the production time and cost.As the report highlights  QFD is a set of graphically oriented planning matrices that helps in identifying factors based on which decisions can be made during any phase of the product development cycle. QFD is nothing but a perfect blue print for quality by design. The results of incorporating QFD in an organization can be measured by looking into the number of designs and engineering changes brought in during the product development and manufacturing stage. It can also be evaluated based on the cost incurred quality of product and time taken to market the product after incorporating QFD and what had been the value of these factors before QFD was implemented. Once QFD is implemented then th e amount of time and money spent by an organization on redesigning and modifications drastically comes down. Once this is achieved it means that the company can launch their product in the market much earlier than they could by following the traditional method.  QFD process starts with listing down the goals or objectives that the company has to achieve. This list is prepared by finding out what the customers expect from a product.

The Employment Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Employment Relationships - Essay Example Employee relations ensure that a certain professional relationship is maintained between the employers and the employees and this helps to achieve adequate productivity and creation of morale and motivation among workers. Gennard and judge (2005) say that employee relations involve collective bargaining by both parties about grievances and appeals that arise in the course of employment. This paper will address the factors influencing the change in employee’s relations and give recommendations. Since employees relations is an ongoing process, changes are bound to occur. Such changes include: change in the choice of communication method that the management chooses to use e.g. use of memos, briefing and so on. Change may also occur in the choice of payment method. It could be done in a performance-oriented way. Training and development employees could also change. Those are just some of the few changes that may occur. A change in the schedule of working hours is among the major factors that influence working relations. Employees agree to work for several hours that are spread over a given period of time. This allows workers to perform their duties as expected and also have time to do their own personal things like care for their families, take holidays and so on. An organization that has a favorable working schedule for its employees has increased staff retention, absenteeism is reduced and there is also increased productivity. On the other hand, if an organization has a too tight working schedule it will be strenuous to the employees and this will lead to a conflict between them and the employer because they will not perform their duties as expected due to fatigue leading to a decrease in productivity.  

Patient compliance in English hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Patient compliance in English hospital - Essay Example To summarize those earlier studies, all of them suggest, for obtaining the best results, imaging be done on naturally filled or empty bladders. For those protocols that require filled bladders prior to imaging, ensuring reproducibility in bladder filling becomes vital. The patient is usually informed to have a comfortably full bladder. Put simply, the patient is asked to comply with the prognosis program. However, when the patient voids the bladder without informing the medical personnel, a situation of non-compliance arises, resulting in errors in imaging. Such errors more often than not are compounded by variations in the interpretation of the data. Patient non-compliance in the form of reluctance to agree for evaluation and treatment owing to significant distress, urological symptoms or erectile functions is now a documented aspect of PC (da Silva et al., 1996, p77; Roth et al., 1998, p1908). Whereas Roth et al., report the development of an acceptable approach for rapid screening for distress in PC patients; da Silva et al., recommend that Quality of Life (QoL) assessment be made mandatory to increase participation and compliance rates in future studies that consider QoL to be an important study end point. When patient non-compliance significantly affects the medical interventions, one good strategy of overcoming the same would involve checking on the findings of researchers working on diseases other than PC wherein a similar requirement of having a reproducible bladder volume exists, how those researchers overcame the same and extrapolating those findings to PC. To begin with, usage of frequency volume charts (FV charts) is, perhaps, a better option. Abrams et al., (1996, p53) suggest keeping FV charts for seven days essentially to cover both work and leisure periods. They also propose computerization of the FV charts as an attractive option. Similarly, based on the results obtained in a pair of related studies, Rabin et al., (1996a, p806; 1996b, p34) report greater patient compliance when an electronic voiding diary is maintained in comparison to traditional methods. In a study involving 81 women with urinary incontinence, Jorgensen et al., (1987, p42) advise the usage of one-hour p ad-weighing test, which was found to be practical and useful in quantifying the degree of leakage. Although, PC never affects women, extrapolating the observations might improve patient compliance in PC management. Continuing the discussion on similar lines, despite using the above-mentioned remedial measures, it is possible that the patients might not comply or perhaps owing to various reasons, while waiting for treatment, might void early without informing the medical personnel. This situation makes the development of strategies that do not rely on bladder volume imperative. In other words, the best option would be to implement those protocols that are independent of the 'status' of the bladder. In the absence or non-availability of such protocols, the observations of Faithfull et al., (2001, p1864) are significant. In a