Components of Knowledge Systems

Parts of a Knowledge Management System A Knowledge Management System (KMS) alludes to either an innovation based or non-specialized interconnected gathering of capacities that have conduct that empowers or encourages either (or a blend of) the disclosure, catch, incorporation, sharing or conveyance of the information required by an association to meet its goals. It can include a piece of a Knowledge Management activity or procedure to improve the utility of an organisation’s scholarly capital. An information the board framework is inalienably a delicate open framework. This implies limits are penetrable and hard to position.What might be valuable to one individual in one piece of an association might be pointless to another person in another office. Any information the executives activity should thusly set up clear reachable objectives that convey advantages to the association, or a sub-set of the association, and consider client and partner necessities. The key standard is th at it must be helpful and take care of an issue. An effective information the executives framework is established on an away from of: ? ? ? ? ? what the association considers to be hierarchical information; what the organisation’s information objectives are; here information dwells in an association, and its structure; what information parts must be overseen; lastly the totally focal job of individuals in any framework. The basic segments of a Knowledge Management System can be found in the model at Figure 1. Figure 1. Parts of a Knowledge Management System The accompanying table portrays the segments of a KMS. Part Description 1. System A KMS ought to be a piece of a methodology that distinguishes the key needs and issues inside the association, and give a structure to tending to these. 1. 1. ProblemA issue or opportunity confronting the association needs to exist. W cap specific perspective legitimizes the presence of a KM framework? (What perspective makes this framework s ignificant? ) 1. 2. Reason/objective A KMS ought to have an unequivocal Knowledge Management target of some kind, for example, joint effort, sharing great practice or something like that. 1. 3. Strategy Any KMS ought to be connected to an authoritative approach 1. 4. Administration Any KMS must be overseen appropriately and an administration system that verbalizes jobs and obligations is an important piece of a KMS. 1. 5. CultureThe culture, qualities and convictions of the individuals inside an association influences the manner by which they might be responsive to a KMS. 1. 6. Hazard W cap are the dangers inside an association to the accomplishment of a KMS? 2. On-screen characters People are integral to any KMS and there are various members with varying foundations and encounters. There are various jobs to do a scope of exercises engaged with a successful KMS. 2. 1. Proprietor W ho possesses the business procedure and has the power to cancel this framework or change its proportion s of execution? 2. 2. Source W ho/what as of now holds the information and where does it dwell? . 3. Customers W ho are the recipients of this specific framework? (Who might profit or experience the ill effects of its activities? ) 2. 4. Directors W ho is answerable for executing this framework? (Who might complete the exercises which make this framework work? ) 2. 5. Empowering influences W ho else should be included to make the information framework work, for example, IT chairmen or HR bolster staff 2. 6. Limit Spanners Those individuals who interface workgroups in the organisaiton 3. Framework Most KMSs will require some type of foundation to empower the framework to work. 3. 1. FacilitiesW cap offices are required to help the KMS work? 3. 2. Gear W cap hardware is required to empower the KMS to work successfully? 3. 3. Archives W here will the KMS store any data or information? 3. 4. Instruments There might be a progression of instruments, apparatuses or layouts required to help the catch, creation and sharing of the corporate information . This may likewise incorporate registries, scientific categorizations or ontologies. 3. 5. Programming Any product arrangements that empower or contain the KMS 3. 6. Systems The social or electronic systems that empower a KMS . 7. Equipment Is there are necessity for any extra equipment 4. Usefulness KMSs are created to help and upgrade information concentrated procedures, assignments or tasks of e. g. , creation, development, ID, catching, securing, determination, valuation, association, connecting, organizing, formalization, perception, move, circulation, maintenance, support, refinement, correction, advancement, getting to, recovery and to wrap things up the utilization of information, likewise called the information life cycle. 4. 1. LogicA KMS might be founded on some supporting rationale or conept 4. 2. Business administers Any framework requires business rules to control the activity of the framework. 4. 3. Change W cap change does this framework realize? (What are the sources of info and what change do they experience to turn into the yields? ). There ought to be a change mode distinguished: Socialization †Transfer/sharing Externalization †Knowledge catch Combination †Business Intelligence Internalization †Knowledge Delivery 4. 4. Combination Does the KMS need to incorporate with some other framework? 4. 5. TailoringA KMS should detect the reaction of the customer to the client of the KMS and ideally have the option to change the mode, intricacy, request and degree of the connection being experienced by the customer. 4. 6. Organization W cap organization is required so as to help the KMS? 4. 7. Detailing W cap announcing is required to help the administration of the KMS? 4. 8. Systems W cap forms should be archived into methodology to have the option to apply suitable controls and direction to help the KMS? 4. 9. Content Management W cap content administration usefulness is required to help the administration of the KMS? 5.Delivery 5. 1. Mode Any KMS requires the conveyance or assistance of information or an information the board administration. Simultaneous Technique †Same Time, Same Place Asynchronous Technique (AT) †Different Time, Same Place Distributed Synchronous Collaboration (DSC) †Same Time, Different Place Distributed Asynchronous Collaboration (DAC) †Different Time, Different Place 5. 2. Assistance A KMS must have an interface where individuals associate with the framework. This could be a facilitator or use innovation through Visual, Audio or Experiential/material modes to encourage the connection of the client/customer with the framework. . 3. Style The adequacy of a KMS can be improved through the reception of a style that is steady with the way of life of an association. Style sends significant messages to a customer about the KMS. 5. 4. Strategies Delivery of a KMS may require the use of aptitudes and methods so as to be fruitful. 5. 5. Access Control A KMS ought to distinguish and target customers to empower proper work force and lock out wrong staff. 5. 6. Availability A KMS should be open to individuals with physical limitations or an inability 5. 7. PersonalisationA KMS ought to have the option to be customized to suit the customer 6. Content Some KMS will hold substance to empower the framework to work. 6. 1. Life expectancy Content might be static, dynamic or incorporated on the fly (concoction) 6. 2. Creating The substance inside a KMS should be successfully wrote/arranged in a structure that is usable to the customer 6. 3. Distributing A distributing procedure and model should be set up to approve and control arrival of substance 6. 4. Approval and referencing of Source Content should be acquired from legitimate sources and the sources should be distinguished and undeniable. 6. 5.Stewardship of the substance Ownership/stewardship of the substance is significant as an administration procedure to guarantee the powerful conveyance and usage of the KMS 6. 6. Audit and update Any substance held by a KMS ought to be dependent upon a survey and update convention. 6. 7. Security Any arranged substance held by a KMS must be sufficiently ensured. 6. 8. Scientific classification Content held by a KMS may should be arranged into a suitable structure to empower simple revelation and use. 6. 9. Inventory Any substance held by a KMS may require indexing so as to more readily deal with the data. 6. 10. Variant ControlAny content held by a KMS ought to be dependent upon rendition control. 6. 11. Removal Any substance held by a KMS that is not, at this point significant or esteemed ought to be discarded. 7. Nonstop improvement A KMS ought to be consistently looked into to guarantee that it is meeting the goals distinguished in the technique and necessities. 7. 1. Criticism Feedback on the utility of a KMS is essential to recognize issues that should be tended to. 7. 2. Executio n the board A Performance Management sub-framework ought to include: Indicators, Levels/Measures, an assortment procedure, examination and revealing. 7. 3. Survey and AuditThird party survey or review of the adequacy of a KMS might be proper. 7. 4. Advantages Realization Management of the KMS is required so as to guarantee that the advantages are being acknowledged and the association is accomplishing the targets it set out to meet in the turn of events and usage of the KMS. References and Further Reading Durant-Law, G. , The Essential Components of a Knowledge Management System | Knowledge Matters. Accessible at: http://www. durantlaw. data/basic parts ofâ€knowledgemanagement-framework Langton, N and Robbins, S. (2006). Authoritative Behavior (Fourth Canadian Edition).Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Prentice Hall. Maier, R (2007): Knowledge Management Systems: Information And Communication Technologies for Knowledge Management. third version, Berlin: Springer. Shelley, A, The Organiza tional Zoo †Resources. Accessible at: http://www. organizationalzoo. com/assets Snowden, D, Cognitive Edge. Accessible at: http://www. cognitiveedge. com/online journals/dave/2009/09/defining_km

The People of the State of New York Essay Example for Free

The People of the State of New York Essay Nature of the Case: Appeal upon a decision sentencing litigant for the wrongdoings of ambush on a cop and criminal utilization of a gun in the second degree. Brief Rule of Law:Mental Hygiene Law  § 9.41 which grants people who give off an impression of being intellectually sick and acting in a way that undermines wellbeing of self or others to be arrested. The Penal Law  § 120.08 forces severe obligation concerning the genuine injury part of a wrongdoing. Realities of the Case:In August 2008, McCray cautioned Sunmount Developmental Disabilities Office (SDDO) and Franklin County Emergency Services he was furnished and had planned on end it all. McCray was in the long run found in a kayak to the Raquette River by an assortment of police offices including State Troopers and officials from Department of Environmental Conservation(DEC). This brought about a deadlock for a long time during which McCray kept up point of the stacked shotgun at himself. A trooper took advantage of a lucky break to snatch the firearm, alongside a DEC official. A battle followed and the firearm went off making huge wounds a Troopers hand. In the wake of being captured, McCray was accused by arraignment of attack on a cop and criminal utilization of a gun in the second degree. Following a preliminary, McCray was indicted as charged and condemned to 15 years in jail followed by 5 years of post-discharge oversight, litigant advances. Issues of the Case: Was McCray’s psychological wellness status with the end goal that he qualified for thought under Mental Hygiene Law  § 9.41 or Penal Law  § 120.08 which tends to the component of the expectation? Did McCray’s lawyer speak to him viably? Was his discipline thought about brutal or extreme? Holding of the Case: Mental Hygiene  § 9.41 doesn't impermissibly condemns defendant’s psychological instability. Reformatory Law  § 120.08 doesn't discredit the necessity to demonstrate aim. McCray was not impermissibly condemned. McCray’s lawyer had spoken to him appropriately. No, it was not inordinate or brutal Method of reasoning of the Case: As it is applicable here, Mental Hygiene Law  § 9.41permits a State Trooper to â€Å"take into authority any individual who seems, by all accounts, to be intellectually sick and is behaving or herself in a way which is probably going to bring about genuine damage to the individual or others† to detainments made compliant with Mental Hygiene Law  § 9.41, and Penal Law  § 120.08 doesn't really condemn a litigants dysfunctional behavior, in opposition to respondents dispute. The case of inadequate help of guidance ought to have been made as a CPL Article 440 movement to the preliminary court, be that as it may, â€Å"viewed in totality and as of the hour of representation,† we discover the â€Å"evidence† the law, and the conditions of [this] specific case†¦the lawyer gave important representation.† It is workable for an individual accused of attack on a cop to introduce proof at preliminary that the person was intellectually sick at the hour of the occurrence, and hence, didn't have the essential expectation to carry out the wrongdoing. Considering the defendant’s history, which goes back to 1987 and incorporates a few earlier gun related feelings, and the conditions of this case doesn't bolster that the County Court manhandled its watchfulness in condemning the litigant to the most extreme accessible sentence, nor does it set up exceptional conditions exist that warrant a decrease of the sentence in the equity of the intrigue. The law and the conditions of this specific case have uncovered that the lawyer gave important portrayal. The choice that was forced on McCrary by the County Court was not brutal or inordinate. Manner of the Case: On June 14, 2012 the judgment was certified.

Samskara Evolution of Self Free Essays

Samskara: Evolution of Self The tale Samskara: A Rite for a Dead Man, by U. R. Anatha Murthy, recounts to the narrative of a Brahmin town network, an agrahara, and the adored Brahmin man Praneshacharya who lives there. We will compose a custom article test on Samskara: Evolution of Self or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Key to the novel is its namesake, the idea of samskara. Adjoining the cover sheet, the creator supplies the numerous meanings of the samskara, including: â€Å"making perfect†, â€Å"refinement†, â€Å"the acknowledging of past perceptions†, and â€Å"any ritual or ceremony† just to give some examples. All through the novel, these different understandings of samskara play into the lives of the Brahmins living in the agrahara of the hero. Especially for Praneshacharya, he experiences a kind of soul changing experience all through the novel, in a way his own samskara. The epic starts quickly with the demise of Naranappa, a Brahmin individual from the agrahara who had since quite a while ago relinquished his standard Brahmin dharma. Naranappa, however expired at the start of the novel, is a significant character, who goes about as a total inverse to Praneshacharya. Naranappa breaks all custom from the Brahmins of the agrahara. He eats meat, he drinks liquor, and he even ignores the station framework, laying down with Chandri, a lowcaste lady. In his life, Naranappa resisted the unbending good code of the Brahmins, and afterward in death through his samskara, his demise ceremonies, he challenges the conventions of the agrahara, and in doing so uncovered the samskara of the neighborhood Brahmins, or scarcity in that department. Naranappa’s demise triggers a silly disarray of Brahmin customary burial service rituals. Having basically repudiated his brahminhood through his direct and venturing to such an extreme as taking steps to get muslim, Naranappa could well have been expelled from the Brahmin people group; be that as it may, since he was not, it was comprehended that he should be incinerated by Brahmins, in case any contamination enter upon the service. This was dangerous for two men, Lakshmana and Garuda, who needed to get the gold adornments gave by Naranappa’s spouse Chandri towards the passing ceremonies. Thusly, the samskara, or refinement, of these Brahmin men is raised doubt about through Naranappa’s samskara. Praneshacharya is influenced in a totally different manner by Naranappa’s demise. Having carried on with the life of a conventional Brahmin for his entire life, considering the sacred texts and such, Praneshacharya knows just of the plain way of life of virtue, keeping away from contamination consistently, gained from sacred texts and custom. His samskara, his consummating, included not lived understanding however recitations of sacred writing. He even peruses suggestive scriptural sections yet comprehends not of the sexual impulses they identify with. In any case, through his upsetting dealings with Naranappa’s passing customs, he has an abrupt inversion snapshot of his intuition as far as he can tell with Chandri. This second is the start of his samskara, which takes his through different phases of self-reflection, thoroughly considering his past (samskara), until he at last chooses to come back to the town, yet it is hazy what he intends to do once there. Before the finish of the novel, Praneshacharya doesn't completely change his perspective to that of Naranappa’s. In reality, he is still totally different in character, anyway there are numerous covers. Praneshacharya does numerous things which are carefully illegal by his customary Brahmin Mahdva foundation. He lays down with a lowcaste lady, Chandri, likewise the bereft spouse of Naranappa, in this lying one significant association between the two men. He likewise frinks espresso around with Putta, and even eats food at the sanctuary during the time he ought to quick after his wife’s passing. Praneshacharya appears to acknowledge these infringement as his choices, and in this manner his personality. By relating to these encounters, he is affirming his experience as samskara, a soul changing experience. He does anyway still dread numerous parts of his enemy of brahmin way of life as reflected through his encounters with Putta in the town. He fears the rooster battling ring and the demoniac perspectives of those included. He additionally still can't hold up under the contamination of his unwashed hands in the wake of leaving the sanctuary feast. Obviously, Praneshacharya is in a condition of change in the novel, and to be sure it is a piece of his samskara. The last line of the novel recommends even he doesn't have a clue where he stands, only that it isn’t as in the past. The most effective method to refer to Samskara: Evolution of Self, Papers

Communications Writing Samuel Beckett, Failing Better - 275 Words

Communications Writing: Samuel Beckett, Failing Better (Essay Sample) Content: Students name:Professors name:Course:Date:Failing BetterSamuel Beckett notion of failing better has been widely spread globally since his view in 1983. It has been of great help and importance to many individuals especially writers. I believe that Beckett wanted to advise people regarding their daily activities. We all humans trace an undefined path in life. Along with this journey, there are many obstacles and challenges. We are prone to failing along the way. But if you fail along the way you will find another method of handling it in a better way. For writers, the advice has been of great help. You will be faced with many challenges which may disappoint you. But never losing hope will always drive you better. After each fails, you will have improved on that error, and you will evade its occurrence in the future. A writer might be disappointed when he or she first encounters grammatical errors, punctuations, or phrase errors they may lose hope but failing better by Beckett gives them the strength to move ahead and explore the path.Editing and revision have always been used interchangeably over the years and yet there is a distinction between them. Revising entails making changes which strengths a writers work while editing deals at improving the writers work. Editing involves addressing the problems which includes punctuation, grammar or even word choice while revising deals with the entire paper as a whole. It focuses on the weakness, strengths, ar...

What Makes A Human Dna Can Make Us Better, Or Hurt Us

Deoxyribonucleic acid (Dna) is usually referred to as what makes us the way we are. It is what makes every single living organism as it is. Most animals that we think of as extinct, aren t really extinct. Most animals have simply evolved to fit their environment. Humans, as all eukaryotic organisms, have cells with a nucleus. Inside of this nucleus, we have our DNA that makes these changes possible. It can come from mutations all the way to artificial selection. These â€Å"changes† in our DNA can make us better, or hurt us. But what if there was a way to modify our DNA, to manually adjust our genome to help us as a species. I believe that modification of organisms’ genome will overall benefit us. We have actually been doing this for over 10,000 years. â€Å"Hunter-gatherers began to keep flocks and herds and to cultivate cereals and other plants.†(West, Brian R., 2002) This means that we have selectively bred livestock for their best traits. 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The At Me And Smiles - 1709 Words

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Hunger and Malnutrition Issues in Africa- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHunger and Malnutrition Issues in Africa. Answer: However, Wario (2018) opines that the concerned government might take the help of the various technologies in order to distribute the necessary food items among the classes of the society that need the facilities on an urgent basis. The article puts forth the fact that this might lead to the eradication of the various issues that pertain to the malnutrition and hunger issues that are faced by the citizens of the society, especially the younger children, recent mothers and the pregnant women. Summary The article by Gates (2018) deals with the effects of malnutrition and the low quality of the food material that is accessible by the concerned members of the society. The author majorly focusses on the issues and the impact of those on the lives of the children and the pregnant ladies as well as the ladies who have recently given birth to their kids. The author further opines that this may curb the overall productivity of the country as well. Response The two articles that have been taken into consideration for the discussion are observed to have been dealing with the various issues related to the hunger and the malnutrition that exists within the countries of the world, especially the developing countries of the world. The articles tend to put forth the ways that the concerned governments might apply in order to bring about an eradication of the various issues of hunger and malnutrition that the concerned country had been facing. The authors tend to focus their articles more on the major groups affected by the malnutrition and the hunger issues of the country like the younger children, the ladies who have experienced motherhood in the recent times and the ladies who would experience the same in the near future. The article by Gates (2018) deals with the argument that the various governmental authorities that are related to the control of the quality of the food that is made available to the citizens of the country. The government is mainly advised to focus on the younger children and the women who are in need of the food materials that might be helpful in providing them with the necessary nutrition that is required to remain healthy. The author further suggests that the malnutrition might lead to the slowing down of the progress of the nation as a whole. References Gates, B. (2018).Why Does Hunger Still Exist in Africa?.gatesnotes.com. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.gatesnotes.com/Development/Why-Does-Hunger-Still-Exist-Africas-Table-Day-One Wario, H. (2018).Kenya: Technology is Key to Ending Hunger.AllAfrica.com. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://allafrica.com/stories/201108110095.html

The Legend of Van Gogh Are there several van Goghs Essay Example For Students

The Legend of Van Gogh: Are there several van Goghs? Essay Art historian Griselda Pollock, in her documentary entitled The Legend of van Gogh, stated that there are several van Goghs. To agree or disagree with this statement, one must firstly understand the point Pollock is attempting to get across. One could interpret this opinion as meaning that there are various artistic styles and several facets of van Goghs life that can be critically analysed; having this understanding of Pollocks attitude toward van Gogh, it would be difficult not to agree with her. Using phraseology similar to that of Pollock, one could say that there are four van Goghs: the failing peasant, the successful sophisticate, the eccentric meaningful lover, and the van Gogh of the present day. All who have knowledge of the artist would know how complex his life was, and so it is not incredible to believe that he was all these things during his relatively short life. Born in 1853, he died at the age of only 37, in 1890. An alternate definition of Pollocks statement is the following: We will write a custom essay on The Legend of Van Gogh: Are there several van Goghs? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He was prolific and protean: He was a scholar and a sufferer, an art-world pro and a destitute outsider, an evangelical bohemian, both sordid and sublime. There are as many ways to see his pictures as there are ways to read his life. Some are stolid brown and gray. Others seem to detonate in a shrapnel burst of color, as if his world had begun to fly apart. Some are piercingly original. Others closely imitate other artists art. Apparent in these paintings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" from Van Goghs Van Goghs: Masterpieces From the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" are the combustible components that he mixed in his art. Firstly, van Gogh as the failing peasant. Van Gogh was not always a painter; although many claim he realised his artistic potential early in life , he did not seriously consider devoting his life to it de Grausen , Eurie . There is little known information about the artists first fifteen years, yet it is possible to find out the basics: after a few years of education in Holland, he left his studies at the age of 15, and never returned to them. In 1869, he joined a firm of art dealers in The Hague, called Goupil Cie. The van Gogh family had been involved in the art world for many years: both Vincents uncles, Cornelius and VinCent were art dealers, as was, of course, Vincents brother Theo. Vincent kept his job at Holland for seven years, after which he was transferred to the London office. Enamoured by the different climate of London, Vincent remained there for two years, during which time he visited various galleries, admiring British artists and writers. Having been transferred for the second time this time in 1875 and to Paris, van Gogh began to see that his life was turning into ennui; he hence left Goupil Cie and revisited London. Vincent van Goghs instability in this job was the first sign pointing to failure being evident. Realising he could no longer continue his position with Goupil Cie, van Gogh looked elsewhere for opportunities he could take advantage of. He found a job as a teacher in charge of about 24 young students at Reverend T. Slade Jones school in Isleworth. It was at this time that van Gogh considered that he could be destined to spread the word of God. He spent many hours reading the Gospel, attempting to ameliorate his relationship with God. Van Gogh requested to Jones that his responsibilities be broadened, asking to be transformed from a teacher to a clergyman. Jones accepted his request and van Gogh gave his first sermon in October 1876. A Biblical quote van Gogh cited in this sermon goes as follows: Much strife must be striven Much suffering must be suffered Much prayer must be prayed And then the end will be peace. .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9 , .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9 .postImageUrl , .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9 , .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9:hover , .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9:visited , .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9:active { border:0!important; } .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9:active , .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9 .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4eea1387669cfedf5a2bb3e535122ad9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Effects of Integrating Drawing to the Writing Process EssayThis excerpt relates inextricably to van Goghs life, as will be discussed later on in the todays van Gogh category. Van Gogh was very fervent when it came to his studies of religion, yet when it came down to it, the reality was that his sermons lacked a vital feeling of life. Like his father Theodorus, Vincent had a passion for preaching; he lacked, however, a gripping and passionate delivery Brooks . After this short stint in Isleworth, van Gogh travelled to Laeken, where he failed to qualify for the mission school. Nonetheless, he persuaded prominent men at the church to allow him to have a trial period in one of the most impoverished regions in Europe, the coal-mining district of The Borinage, Belgium. Van Gogh began to work there in 1879 and became so attached to all the people there that he went to the extent of become poverty-stricken himself just to relieve them of their desires of both food and money. Although van Gogh had gracious intentions, the Church disapproved of his severe actions, requesting that he leave the area. He moved to an adjacent village, continuing to live in miserable poverty. One day, he felt duty-bound to visit the French painter whom he admired the most, Jules Breton; van Gogh, without ten francs in his pocket, walked the entire seventy kilometres to CourriÃÆ' ¨res, in France, to visit him. When he arrived, van Gogh felt too timid to knock on the door, and subsequently returned to his home very much discouraged, as one can expect. Upon his return, he began to sketch his environment: the minors and their families, the harsh conditions . It was here that van Goghs gift sprung from weakness. This was the turning point of his life. Vincent discusses this time in his life in a letter to his brother Theo, whence the following citation can be drawn: When I began to draw after having been vehemently upset by my own actions in CourriÃÆ' ¨res, I felt like somebody who, emerging from a dark cave underground, comes back to the friendly daylight. Although his preaching ended upon the commencement of art directly in his life, a conclusion can be drawn about God: van Gogh still believed that God was guiding him. This is evident from the way he ends that same letter: ÃÆ'â‚ ¬ Dieu, a handshake from Your loving brother, Vincent. The phrase ÃÆ'â‚ ¬ Dieu can be translated from French as in the name of God, hence van Gogh still felt a connection with the divine. A second important facet of van Goghs life, alluded to the above excerpt as the friendly daylight, is the way in which he realised that he could, in fact, be successful, and how he became recognised as a sophisticate. He was very well read he read much British literature while in London, was multilingual he spoke and wrote fluently in English, French, German and Dutch and had studied Greek and Latin and had ties with the art world that could not have been much stronger; as previously mentioned, his two uncles and brother were art dealers and, in fact, Vincent had started a collection of artworks not his own creations, including a vast diversity of genres, ranging from British wood engraving to Japanese Ukiyoe prints. This may seem to utterly contradict the previous idea of van Gogh being a failing peasant and this is, of course, because the successful stage in van Goghs life came after the peasant stage. As stated earlier, van Goghs direct entry into the art world was a pivotal point of his life that changed what everyone else thought of him, and what he thought of himself Millthorpe . Vincent van Goghs appreciation of art both his own and that of fellow artists increased; this can be seen in an excerpt from a letter to Theo, in which he writes: .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992 , .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992 .postImageUrl , .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992 , .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992:hover , .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992:visited , .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992:active { border:0!important; } .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992:active , .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992 .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u905b8523a782b633fc23d773dc623992:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dimensioning s only to tell you that painting is such a joy for me. Also, van Goghs skill in art improved, with continued practice and experience. Nonetheless, as pointed out in a documentary entitled The Bedroom at Arles, van Gogh never really seemed to master perspective. Theo points to Vincent how successful he has become in this letter: Your pictures at the exhibition are having a lot of success. The other day Diaz stopped me in the street and said, Give your brother my compliments and tell him that his pictures are highly remarkable. Monet said that your pictures were the best of all in the exhibition. Van Goghs overarching identity included many eccentricities and a great search for meaning and symbolism in art. When he moved to Paris in March, 1886, it seemed that a conflagration overwhelmed him, in the positive sense. His painting became more effulgent, and his colours more vibrant. He became a colourist and started to pay more and more attention to variations of colour in his artworks. This change in his character becomes very evident in his letters to Theo , and also in his paintings The Bedroom at Arles and The Night CafÃÆ' © . The colour moved Vincent, and he used it to bring meaning to his work. This can be seen in Plate 9, where Vincent explains how colour establishes a feeling of rest in The Bedroom at Arles. Another or Griselda Pollocks several van Goghs is the eccentric, meaningful lover. Many people are well aware of the psychological trauma Vincent van Gogh went through during his beautiful life. There is much speculation as to the causes of this, yet one fascinating account states as follows: exactly a year to the day before the birth of Vincent, his mother gave birth to another child, which was stillborn. His name was also Vincent. The whole notion for him to be a replacement child, even with the same name, must have brought shame onto him for the rest of his life, and hence people have reason to believe that this may have augmented his eccentricities and psychological problems. Also, Vincent suffered from serious physical illness. This was partially brought on by another of his peculiar quiddities: while painting, Vincent would occasionally suck on his paintbrush, consuming toxic lead-based paint, and also sip on turpentine, which he used as a paint thinner . Although highly talented, Vincent van Gogh was in essence a sick man. Don Mclean talks about the skill, yet unfortunate sad side, of van Gogh in his hit song, which he called Vincent . On line 4, the song talks about the darkness in soul and then on line 12, how suffered how sanity; nonetheless, Mclean reverts back to the beauty of van Gogh, saying on line 34 how love was true. This song captures the inner beauty of van Gogh, yet acknowledging the hard times he had to face to eventually find eternal peace The world was never meant for one as beautiful as you, lines 39 and 40. The final van Gogh is todays van Gogh or, in fact, the way he is recognised in todays society. This is a highly subjective field of research: some see him to be the exceedingly capable painter, who created such masterpieces as The Bedroom at Arles and his numerous paintings of sunflowers; others, however, see him to be a sick, eccentric lover who failed in all he did, without fully acknowledging him as the skilful painter. Neither one of these opinions is wrong, but neither is completely right. When remembering the legend of Vincent van Gogh, one should in order that they might be truly understanding and knowledgeable take both of these views into account, examining all the available evidence, before making a decision. There is not just one van Gogh that should be remembered: there are several van Goghs.

A Comparative Recollection of The Odyssey and The Inferno essays

A Comparative Recollection of The Odyssey and The Inferno essays When making a sociological observation on the human race, one can draw many similarities between the vast numbers of cultures that flourish on earth. One of the commonalties sure to be witnessed by the sociologist is: mankind does many of the same fundamental aspects of life, having their specific cultures responsible for making only cosmetic changes to these tasks. Literature, like mankind, is also seen to have commonalities between different pieces of writing, with minor changes made by the writers varied influences. Although Homers The Odyssey and Dantes The Inferno were written roughly two thousand years apart and in cultures that have contrasting norms, both masterpieces are recognized as having many paralleled themes and subjects. The ancient Greek text and the more contemporary Italian poem are both written around the main idea of a grand journey, with differences arising in the purpose and the style of the expeditions. Also, both Homer and Dante include the thought that women play a submissive role in life, focally varying the degree of the subservience. Finally, the two texts climax with themes of betrayal. These scenes of betrayal are sternly portrayed between the covers of the literature; Homer focusing on revenging those who betrayed him, while Dante centers his attention on the punishment received in the afterlife by those guilty of betrayal. The topics shared between the two literary works, subjects that have been historically considered quite dissimilar, succeed to give both texts direction and secondary subject matter that would otherwise not be found. The grand scale journey has, historically, been a recurring theme throughout literature, but the similarities of Homer and Dantes work distinguishes them from the majority. Among others, Chaucers The Canterbury Tales and the Renaissance masterpiece Sir Gawain and the Green Knight have included the aspect of a large journey, but unlike The ...

MUSIC AS AN EFFECTIVE PLATFORM FOR PROTEST Essay

MUSIC AS AN EFFECTIVE PLATFORM FOR PROTEST - Essay Example Protest Music has always effectively captured the mood of the era and every movement in the US has been accompanied by protest songs whether it was the slave movement, anti-war sentiment or the feminist movement. It is however in the 1960s during the Vietnam War that Protest Music came forward as a major jolt to the government and the public. It was singers such as John Lennon with his ‘Give Peace a Chance’ who created uproar within the music industry and the general public. Their songs became mantras for the public. Later Hip Hop came forward to express the repressed anger of the Black Americans towards the biased attitude of the government towards their race. Hip Hop became so popular that it was warmly accepted by even White Americans who felt for the cause of these people. In this paper, we attempt to understand how music can be an effective platform of protest. Some believe that protest music is nothing more than propaganda aimed to turn the public against the government. They believe that protest music can gain nothing through its unorganized way of dealing with community issues. On the other hand, there are some who believe that protest music creates a sense of bonding and awakening within the public. The public understand that they are not alone and once they join together through music, they can attain a lot. The Hutchson Family Singers were the first protest singers in the history of US that came forward during the mid 19th century. They took up various causes that the public was suffering with such as abolition of slavery, women suffering, the temperance movement etc. The Hutchson Family created a name for themselves with songs like ‘Escape at Sunset’ that focused on the issue of slavery. The Hutchson Family also sang for the President, John Tyler and became friends with Abraham Lincoln. It was the Hutchson Family Singer who inspired many with their protest songs such as Woodie

Questionare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Questionare - Essay Example The descriptive phase follows, in which the demographic and statistical information on the target population and target program emulations are determined in respective forms of their completeness and efficiency. â€Å"Exploratory studies are most typically done†¦ to satisfy the researcher’s curiosity and desire for better understanding, to test the feasibility of undertaking a more careful study, and to develop the methods to be employed† (Babbie, 1995, p. 84). #12 Between Kà ¤rtnerstrasse, Graben and Kohlmarkt, which is the most popular street? Why? ________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ #13 How much would you expect to spend in a typical day of shopping? On how much designer products would this money typically be spent? ______ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Multiple choice form is optimal for diversity since it also affords anonymity and privacy while simultaneously reducing the amount of confusion often attendant upon a questionnaire interview that is evinced by so many. The survey that is given to individuals representing two different sides of the issue of the effectiveness of research into presented issues. Respondents are instructed, Please circle the letter that seems best to

The Phenomenon of Aging Essay Example for Free

The Phenomenon of Aging Essay Aging is an existential phenomenon, which is a natural part of development of universal significance (Erickson, 1963 Havighurst, 1959, in Ponzo, 1992). It is a biological, psychological, and sociological phenomenon. People have specific tasks to accomplish, as they grow older. For example, Erickson views middle age and late adulthood as a time when the individual must develop a sense of generativity and ego integrity or become stagnant and despairing. Jung (1969) believes spirituality is a domain that those over 40 are uniquely qualified to explore. Despite an increased understanding of aging and an ever-growing number of older adults, the elderly have to deal with age-based expectations and prejudices. As with other minority groups, elderly individuals are subject to negative stereotypes and discrimination. For instance, â€Å"older people often are tagged with uncomplimentary labels such as senile, absentminded, and helpless† (McCracken, Hayes, Dell, 1997, in Gladding, 2000). This negative attitudes and stereotypes, which are known as ageism, prevent intimate encounters with people in different age groups and sometimes lead to outright discrimination (Butler Lewis, 1973; Bulter et al., 1998). In a review of attitudes towards older individuals, Atkinson and Hackett (1998) found that elderly persons are considered to be rigid, and not adaptable in their thought processes; thought to be in poor health and not very intelligent or alert; inappropriate to have sexual interest or activity. Negative attitude toward elderly persons were present in college students, and among medical staff who feel uncomfortable around elderly patients. Jokes about old age abound and are primarily negative in nature. These negative stereotypes lead to elderly peoples being viewed as less valued members of society. Older women are even more likely to be viewed negatively by society as a whole. Elderly individuals may come to accept these views and suffer a loss of self-esteem (Sue Sue, 1999). Unfortunately, individuals who are growing old often deny and dread the process, a phenomenon that Friedan (1993, in Belsky, 1999) calls â€Å"the age mystique. † Even counselors are not immune to ageist attitudes (Belsky, 1999). Healthy Old Age Old age can be emotionally healthy and a satisfying time of life with a minimum of physical and mental impairment. Butler et al. (1998) observed that besides the general lack of interest in older persons, science and medicine have been more concerned with treating â€Å"what went wrong† than with clarifying the complex, interwoven elements necessary to produce and support health. Medicine and the behavioral sciences have mirrored societal attitudes by presenting old age as a grim litany of physical and emotional illness. Until 1960, most of the medical, psychological, psychiatric, and social work literature on the aged was based on experience with the sick and the institutionalized, even though only 5% of the older people were confined to institutions. Decline of the individual was the key concept. Fortunately, research studies that have concentrated on the healthy aged give indications of positive potential for the entire age group. What is healthy old age? In 1994, the World Health Organization first defined health as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. † This represents an ideal with many possible interpretations. But the broad elements of health -physical, emotional, and social- is the framework in which one can begin to analyze what is going on well in addition to what is going wrong. The attempt must be made to locate those conditions that enable humans to thrive, not merely survive. The unique developmental task in old age is to clarify, deepen, and find use for what one has already attained in a lifetime of learning and adapting (Butler et al.1998). Erickson (1963) stated it as ego integrity, the psychosocial task of later life involving accepting one’s life in order to accept impending death. The possessor of this integrity is ready to defend the dignity of his or her own life style against all odds, and they know that life has meaning. Paradoxically this sense of personal significance allows them to accept their insignificance in life-that is, the reality of death (Belsky, 1999). According to Atchely (1994) Butler et al. (1998) the ability of the older person to adapt and thrive is contingent on physical health, personality, earlier life experiences, and on the societal supports he or she receives; adequate finances, shelter, medical care, social roles, recreation, and the like. As is true of children, adolescents, and middle-aged, it is imperative that older people continue to develop and change in a flexible manner if health is to be promoted and maintained. Optimal growth and adaptation can occur throughout the life cycle when the individual’s strength and potentials are recognized, reinforced and encouraged by the environment in which he or she lives.

Cultural Change and Survival in Amish Society Essay -- Amish Culture S

Cultural Change and Survival in Amish Society I. Introduction Watching the Amish riding their horse drawn carriages through Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, you catch a glimpse of how life would have been 150 years ago. The Amish, without their electricity, cars, and television appear to be a static culture, never changing. This, however, is just an illusion. In fact, the Amish are a dynamic culture which is, through market forces and other means, continually interacting with the enormously tempting culture of America. So, one might be led to wonder how a culture like the Amish, one that seems so anachronistic, has not only survived but has grown and flourished while surrounded by a culture that would seem to be so detrimental to its basic ideals. The Amish, through biological reproduction, resistance to outside culture, compromise, and a strong ethnic symbolism have managed to stave off a culture that waits to engulf them. Why study the Amish? One answer would be, of course, to learn about their seemingly pure cooperative society and value syst em (called Ordung). From this, one may hope to learn how to better America's problem of individualism and lack of moral or ethical beliefs. However, there is another reason to study the Amish. Because the Amish have remained such a large and distinct culture from our own, they provide an opportunity to study the effects of cultural transmission, resistance, and change, as well as the results of strong symbolism in maintaining ethnic and cultural isolation. II. History of the Amish The Amish have their roots in the Protestant Reformation of 16th century Europe, led by Martin Luther. Of these Protestant groups one sect was the Anabaptists. The first Anabaptist group was kno... ...the Amish except for their use of language and plain dress, would not have been distinct from most other 19th century farmers. This in essence allowed for the early survival and establishment of Amish culture in the United States. References Gelles, Richard J. and Levine, Ann. 1995. Sociology, An Introduction . Fifth Edition. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. Good, Merele and Phyllis. 1979. 20 Most Asked Questions about the Amish and Mennonites. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Good Books. Hostetler, John A. 1983. Amish Life . Scottdale, Pennsylvania: Herald Press. Kraybill, Donald B. 1990. The Puzzles of Amish Life . Intercourse, Pennsylvania: Good Books. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1997. Amish . 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. Pennsylvania Dutch Country Welcome Center. 1997. Amish FAQ. http://www.800padutch.com/atfaq.html Cultural Change and Survival in Amish Society Essay -- Amish Culture S Cultural Change and Survival in Amish Society I. Introduction Watching the Amish riding their horse drawn carriages through Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, you catch a glimpse of how life would have been 150 years ago. The Amish, without their electricity, cars, and television appear to be a static culture, never changing. This, however, is just an illusion. In fact, the Amish are a dynamic culture which is, through market forces and other means, continually interacting with the enormously tempting culture of America. So, one might be led to wonder how a culture like the Amish, one that seems so anachronistic, has not only survived but has grown and flourished while surrounded by a culture that would seem to be so detrimental to its basic ideals. The Amish, through biological reproduction, resistance to outside culture, compromise, and a strong ethnic symbolism have managed to stave off a culture that waits to engulf them. Why study the Amish? One answer would be, of course, to learn about their seemingly pure cooperative society and value syst em (called Ordung). From this, one may hope to learn how to better America's problem of individualism and lack of moral or ethical beliefs. However, there is another reason to study the Amish. Because the Amish have remained such a large and distinct culture from our own, they provide an opportunity to study the effects of cultural transmission, resistance, and change, as well as the results of strong symbolism in maintaining ethnic and cultural isolation. II. History of the Amish The Amish have their roots in the Protestant Reformation of 16th century Europe, led by Martin Luther. Of these Protestant groups one sect was the Anabaptists. The first Anabaptist group was kno... ...the Amish except for their use of language and plain dress, would not have been distinct from most other 19th century farmers. This in essence allowed for the early survival and establishment of Amish culture in the United States. References Gelles, Richard J. and Levine, Ann. 1995. Sociology, An Introduction . Fifth Edition. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. Good, Merele and Phyllis. 1979. 20 Most Asked Questions about the Amish and Mennonites. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Good Books. Hostetler, John A. 1983. Amish Life . Scottdale, Pennsylvania: Herald Press. Kraybill, Donald B. 1990. The Puzzles of Amish Life . Intercourse, Pennsylvania: Good Books. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1997. Amish . 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. Pennsylvania Dutch Country Welcome Center. 1997. Amish FAQ. http://www.800padutch.com/atfaq.html

Paying Less for Fashion Essay

Payless ShoeSource, Inc. is the largest footwear retailer in the United States. The company operates about 4,700 stores in all 50 states as well as Puerto Rico, Guam, Saipan, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Canada, Central America, the Caribbean, Ecuador, and Japan. It also sells footwear via the Internet at www.payless.com. Payless has built its success by offering a large selection of shoes at very low prices, most selling for less than $15 as of 2004. The company has been able to maintain its affordable prices by sticking exclusively to a self-service format, keeping a tight rein on cost structure, and insisting on efficient sourcing and inventory controls. Payless ShoeSource targets as its main customers women from 18 to 44 years of age with household incomes of less than $75,000, and it estimates that in any given year, 40 percent of the women in this target group buy at least one pair of footwear at a Payless store. The company remained a May subsidiary until 1996, when it was spun off to May shareholders as an independent, publicly traded firm. Payless ShoeSource founded in Topeka, Kansas in 1956 by brothers Louis and Shaol Pozez that is owned by Collective Brands, Inc, on a revolutionary idea – selling shoes in a self-select environment. In 1961, it became a public company as the Volume Shoe Corporation which merged with the May Department Stores Company in 1979. More than 50 years later, Payless continues the self-select model combined with leading customer service to provide a fun and engaging shopping experience for our customers. Today, Payless serves millions of consumers through its powerful global network of stores in all 50 U.S. states, as well as in Puerto Rico, Guam, Saipan, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Canada, Central America, the Caribbean and South America. The company also has an expanding presence in the Eastern Hemisphere through franchising arrangements. UPDATING 1956: Pay-Less National is founded in Topeka, Kansas, by two cousins, Louis and Shaol Pozez, to open self-service stores selling budget footwear. 1962: The Company goes public as Volume Distributors. 1967: The company is renamed Volume Shoe Corporation; an accelerated expansion program is launched. 1978: The Payless ShoeSource name is adopted for the bulk of the company’s retail outlets. 1979: Volume Shoe is acquired by the May Department Stores Company. 1991: The company name is changed to Payless ShoeSource, Inc. 1996: May spins Payless off to shareholders, making it once again an independent, publicly traded firm. 1997: The mid-priced shoe chain Parade of Shoes is acquired from J. Baker, Inc.; the first Canadian Payless stores open. 1999: The firm launches e-commerce at payless.com. 2000: Payless enters into a joint venture to expand into the Central American region. 2004: As part of a major restructuring, Payless announces that it will close down the Parade chain and close hundreds of Payless ShoeSource outlets. PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED Matt Rubel: Nowadays he is Senior Advisor at TPG Capital, L.P. and TPG Growth and served as the Chief Executive Officer and President at Collective Brands. He served as the Chief Executive Officer and President at Payless Shoesource Inc., a subsidiary of Collective Brands. He served as the Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Cole Haan, Inc from February 1999 to July 2005, where he transformed it into a global lifestyle brand celebrating American luxury. Prior to joining Cole Haan, Mr. Rubel served as an Executive Vice President of J. Crew Group. He is responsible for the success of Payless, Cole Haan and J. Crew. His involvement in this case is vital to these brands. http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=23134722&privcapId=23307 Cole Haan, J. Crew: specialty retailers throughout the United States. Matt Rubel is the one responsible for the success of this two brands. They are competitors of Payless, but they also sell clothing. Carrie Bradshaw: fictional character and lead character of the HBO romantic sitcom Sex and the City, portrayed by actress Sarah Jessica Parker. This character was the icon of the decade and every woman wanted to look like her and dress like her. She was a fashionista and the sitcom revolved around fashion and clothing. Payless understood this trend and tried to approach women who wanted to look just like her, without spending that much money. Kenneth Cole, Michael Kors: top designers who were hired to fulfill their places in the Payless Design Team. They both had their own clothing lines, but Payless created an alliance strategy with their names and brands, so women would buy their shoes. This was a smart move by Matt Rubel. Lela Rose, Stacey Bendet, Christian Siriano: Haute Coture up-and-coming designers from New York City. One of them actually won a competition show named Project Runway. Payless asked them to take over their collections, aiming for haute couture, in other words, avant garde designs. They intended to sell cheaper shoes, but with great innovative designs. The typical fashionista was in for it. Mardi Larson: principal, owner and chief Marketing & Communications consultant at Mardi Larson Communications and has served a range of clients with consulting services and as a contract associate for more than a decade. Also included in her roster of clients are footwear brands like Sperry Top-Sider, Keds and Stride Rite, among others. She was the head of public relations of Payless, and developed the target marker for them. Maxine Clark: Maxine Clark was born on March 6 of 1949 in Florida, had her degree in law from St. Louis University. In 1996, Maxine Clark found â€Å"Build-a-bear workshop†. Prior to founding Build-A-Bear Workshop in 1997, Ms. Clark served as the President and Chief Merchandising Officer at Payless Shoesource Inc. from November 1992 to January 1996. Recognized the strategy of Payless, as to sell cheap and chic. Marian Salzman: American advertising and public relations executive. She is currently president of Euro RSCG Worldwide PR North America and a member of the holding company, Euro RSCG Worldwide’s Executive Committee, with brand reputation oversight for the company and key executives globally. She forecasted this trend that made Payless grow. Tiffany, Gucci, Armani: top brands that can be found in New York’s Fifth Avenue. They are the ones to set trends and women look forward to dress in their clothes. They are very expensive, and the middle class woman cannot buy them. This is where Payless supplies their demand of high fashion and affordable prices. Isaac Mizrahi: American fashion designer and TV presenter, best known for eponymous fashion lines. First big fashion designer to make an alliance with Payless. This made other brands and designers to focus on the company. They also wanted to work with Payless in a long-lasting alliance, with great benefits for both of the parts. Walmart, Kohl’s, Target: American retailers that were seen as great discount one-stop shops that had become the vendors of choice for tight budgets for buying shoes. Payless was competing with this major retailers and they needed something to differentiate from them. Their cheap and chic strategy was the solution to overcome this competitors. Elle, Vogue, W: fashion magazines that set the trends and state what is IN and what it’s not. Payless ran full-page ads featuring their new tagline â€Å"Look Again†. This was a strategy directed to fashionistas and frequent buyers of this magazines. They intended to show them that their shoes were so good that they were featured by this great magazines. Sophia Bush, Brittany Snow: both are actresses and fashion icons. Every teenager and young woman wanted to look like them. They were invited into the backstage of Lela Rose’s fashion show in New York Fashion Week, and were spotted wearing Payless shoes. They featured this Payless shoes and wore them proudly, announcing the fashion world that it was okay to wear something affordable and chic. Karl Lagerfeld & H&M, Vera Wang & Kohl’s, Ralph Lauren & JC Penney, Todd Oldham & Old Navy: this are examples of strategic alliances between great and recognized fashion designers and big retailers. This process of benchmarking made Payless realize that they also needed to make alliances with some big designers and brands. This is where Isaac Mizrahi decided to take the plunge with them, and design a whole collection of couture shoes. MAIN PROBLEM The main problem this company, Payless Shoesource, was facing was that in 2005 Payless was losing market share and began to close some stores. The retail landscape had changed and giant discount shops like Walmart, Target and Kohl’s had become the vendors of choice for budget conscious shopper’s buying shoes. With thrift as its positioning point, the company had lost its edge; they were producing the same shoes year after year hoping that price will bring customers to their doors. As we see the problem here was that Payless wasn’t innovating, they were pretending that the same styles would attract the same people to its stores because of the affordable price. STRATEGY When they noticed they have this problem Payless had to engineer a new strategy, it began with the new CEO Matt Rubel, he was hired because of its extensive experience with high-end brands, he knew that the company would have to design shoes that exclusive people would wear with prices that they could afford. Their new job was in charge of changing its image from the dusty cheap footwear into the fun, hip merchant of fashion. Rubel’s objective of their new strategy was not only give the brand image makeover but also position the company in such a way that the price increasing would seem like a bargain. Been more specific Rubel’s strategy plan was based on four major components. 1) Expanding the Brand Portfolio; this stage consisted in implementing what he calls â€Å"House of Brands† strategy instead of one product line create a well-known national brands. In terms to organize the new corporate structure and keep track of all its brands, he created a collective Brand. 2) The Payless Design Team; they want to develop products that would enter to the customers minds, that would resonate better with consumers, they were making emphasis on fashion, they Payless Design Team dedicated itself to develop original footwear and accessory designs to keep new styles on target with changing fashion trends. 3) Designer Collections; Payless created a strong relationship with some designers for the past, they have forged these three top New York based designers, so their homework was creating strong bonds with these designers, this benefits of this alliances are plentiful, because Payless gets brand cachà ©, making consumers get runway styles they can afford. 4) Fun Inspiring Store Formats; Payless redesigned its logo to reflect the new image and communicate change to consumers, they make some store formats, creating a new atmosphere, making a drastic improvement, stores more open, light and airy with a more satisfying consumer experience built around style and design rather than price. This new strategy implemented by the CEO Rubel will energize the old customers who they lost and also attract new ones. This trendy new image is perfect for existing customers. Payless has truck a formula for value that customers love. It remains confident that this strategy to democratize fashion will produce great results, regardless of future economic conditions. Furthermore of the implementation of the new strategy created by the CEO Rubel, Payless since its inception began with low prices or affordable prices, making a competitive advantage for the company, providing good profits. In 2008 when the global recession happened Payless took a hit, while other retailers were suffering because of its huge losses, Payless stores fared much better. Whereas the other retailers had loss many money in 2008, Payless gain a net profit of 88 million in 2009. To conclude, as well as the company manage two strategies to stay in the market and be competitive it would be great that for strengthen its strategy they can work in one of its four P ´s of the marketing mix, promotion, to attract more consumers, making more publicity of its brand and new designers that are part of the company, probably and we pretty sure they will bring more customers. If people know that those famous designers’ works for Payless, people are going to be more enthusiastic for buying good quality, good design for an affordable price. 1- Which of the different product mix pricing strategies discussed in the text applies best to Payless’s new strategy? From my point of view they are using a mix of different strategies. Firstly, skimming pricing. This is about selling a product at a high price, sacrificing high sales to gain a high profit, therefore ‘skimming’ the market. They have invested a lot of money to hire top notch designers, rebranding effort like remodeling stores etc. There needs to be some mechanism (read, strategy) to recover this cost. For some items they have even employed premium pricing. Interestingly, Payless came up with some really good product like Lela Rose, Abaete etc. On the other hand, they have products which are low as $12. As best strategy that they are employing; I would say that they are going for Product Line Pricing. They want their customers to get attracted by the big brands in their portfolio. In that way, other products will gain due importance too. So to customers, overall portfolio will look very attractive. The strategy for setting a product’s price often has to be changed when the product is part of a product mix. Companies usually develop product lines rather than single product. Product mix means in the same companies have many type product with they are brands it sold. Product mix pricing strategies consist of five elements which is product line pricing, product bundle pricing, by-product pricing, captive product pricing and optional-product pricing. In this case, the product mix pricing strategy Payless use is product line pricing. Product line pricing is setting the price steps between various products in the product line based on cost differences between the products, customer evaluations of different features and competitor’s prices. Payless has strategy product line, from one comprised almost entirely of store brands to one dominated by well-known national brands. Payless now sells shoes under numerous brand names that it either owns or licenses, including Airwalk, Champion, Spalding, Dexter, Shaquille O’Neal-endorsed Dunkman, and various Disney brands. Customer can buy many types of products with different prices by looking at size, width, color and design. For example, for boys’ shoes, they have many shapes, size, color, design, and numerous brands which they can get with difference price from $ 12.99 until $26.99. For girls, there are shoes in differences brand like Fioni, Amerian, Eagle, Dexter, Lela Rose, and Smartfit from $14.99 until $24.99. Most products Payless offers are under $50. Other than that, Payless has relationship with top New-York based designers Laura Poretzky, Lela Rose, Stacey Bendet and Patricia Field. The four are designing everything from pumps to boots to handbags for Payless. Payless sets most of the stores product line below $15. The company’s CEO, Matt Rubel also has suggested that in many cases, price increases may be as little as 50 cent per pair of shoes. But the expansion of its brand portfolio to include famous labels will certainly give payless greater pricing flexibility. 2- How do concepts such as psychological pricing and reference pricing apply to the Payless strategy? In what ways does Payless’s strategy deviate from these concepts? By definition, psychological pricing on the theory that certain prices has a psychological impact. The retail prices are often expressed as â€Å"odd prices†: a little less than a round number, e.g. $19.99 or  £2.98. There is no explicit reference given in the case where we see that they are using this strategy. As a matter of fact, we see that though Payless is increasing the price of their products. So, sudden upward movement of price may come as a shock to customers. This strategy of Psychological pricing can be employed in this scenario. Payless actually did not pay a heed to that and did not come up with any proper plan towards psychological pricing. In what ways does Payless’s strategy deviate from these concepts? By definition, psychological pricing is a pricing approach that considers the psychology of prices and not simply the economics. The price is used to say something about the product. Psychological pricing occurs when sellers consider the psychology of prices and not simply the economics. In the other hand, reference pricing is prices that buyers carry in their minds and refer to when they look at a given product. Consumers usually perceive higher-priced products as having higher quality. But what happen in Payless is, they did not increase the price of their product to gain higher quality product perception, but changed the image from dusty dungeon of cheap footwear into the fun, hip, merchant of fashion. In addition, Payless even re-designed their logo for the first time in 20 years. They then launched new â€Å"Fashion Lab and â€Å"Hot Zone† store format. It was a drastic improvement. As the result, Payless store now have more open, light, and airy thus creating a more satisfying consumer experience. Payless is now looking forward into style and design rather than price. This is where Payless’s strategy deviate from psychological pricing concept. Payless focuses more towards style and design of their product rather than price. They even upgrade their store environment into more comfortable places which then create customer satisfaction. With the new store environment, it makes the $12 shoe looks like a $20 shoe. However, Payless’s manipulating the reference pricing by implementing a drastic improvement in their store. They launched a new â€Å"Fashion Lab† and â€Å"Hot Zone† store format to create more open, light, and airy with a more satisfying consumer experience built around style and design rather than price. The new format not only attracts more customers, but they even make the customer willing to pay a little bit more than they have in the past. All new Payless stores now have one of the two new formats and old stores are being progressively remodeled. 3- Discuss the benefits and risks of the new strategy for both Payless and the designers with whom its partners. Which of these two stands to lose the most? Benefits of the new strategy would be for both, for the designers and for the company, those designers when working for Payless are going to be more recognized for most of the people, they are going to become more famous, they are going to outstand from the others, also people who really knows this designers would buy more frequently shoes on this store making this company richer. Now talking of the risks of the new strategy would be that for the designers maybe they are not well-paid for their work and also they lose status for working to a shoe retailer. Some people might not like these designers anymore because they are working on that company, so they lose credibility. A risk for the company would probably that maybe making these relationships with those designers they have more costs so it would not be sustainable for the company. We think that designers would go to lose more, because as we mentioned before they would lose credibility and consequently they are going to lose loyal customers. 4- Consider the scale on which Payless operates. How much of a price increase does Payless need to achieve to make this venture worthwhile? Payless was looking to move its average price point up a notch or two, due to the expansion of its brand portfolio to include famous labels that will certainly give Payless greater pricing flexibility. What they can do it’s a price adjustment strategy, looking for some variables they can apply to that specific company. For example they can use segmented pricing, they can segment their market. Psychological pricing, buyers have a reference of its price in their minds, also they can use geographical pricing; they can design different types of shoes for a different country depends on the fashion and the weather and also international pricing, analyzing some specific factors of the country, like laws and regulations, economic conditions. Looking all this price adjustments strategies they can achieve a good price depending on the place and making this venture worthwhile for the company and for the customers.

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