Patient compliance in English hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Patient compliance in English hospital - Essay Example To summarize those earlier studies, all of them suggest, for obtaining the best results, imaging be done on naturally filled or empty bladders. For those protocols that require filled bladders prior to imaging, ensuring reproducibility in bladder filling becomes vital. The patient is usually informed to have a comfortably full bladder. Put simply, the patient is asked to comply with the prognosis program. However, when the patient voids the bladder without informing the medical personnel, a situation of non-compliance arises, resulting in errors in imaging. Such errors more often than not are compounded by variations in the interpretation of the data. Patient non-compliance in the form of reluctance to agree for evaluation and treatment owing to significant distress, urological symptoms or erectile functions is now a documented aspect of PC (da Silva et al., 1996, p77; Roth et al., 1998, p1908). Whereas Roth et al., report the development of an acceptable approach for rapid screening for distress in PC patients; da Silva et al., recommend that Quality of Life (QoL) assessment be made mandatory to increase participation and compliance rates in future studies that consider QoL to be an important study end point. When patient non-compliance significantly affects the medical interventions, one good strategy of overcoming the same would involve checking on the findings of researchers working on diseases other than PC wherein a similar requirement of having a reproducible bladder volume exists, how those researchers overcame the same and extrapolating those findings to PC. To begin with, usage of frequency volume charts (FV charts) is, perhaps, a better option. Abrams et al., (1996, p53) suggest keeping FV charts for seven days essentially to cover both work and leisure periods. They also propose computerization of the FV charts as an attractive option. Similarly, based on the results obtained in a pair of related studies, Rabin et al., (1996a, p806; 1996b, p34) report greater patient compliance when an electronic voiding diary is maintained in comparison to traditional methods. In a study involving 81 women with urinary incontinence, Jorgensen et al., (1987, p42) advise the usage of one-hour p ad-weighing test, which was found to be practical and useful in quantifying the degree of leakage. Although, PC never affects women, extrapolating the observations might improve patient compliance in PC management. Continuing the discussion on similar lines, despite using the above-mentioned remedial measures, it is possible that the patients might not comply or perhaps owing to various reasons, while waiting for treatment, might void early without informing the medical personnel. This situation makes the development of strategies that do not rely on bladder volume imperative. In other words, the best option would be to implement those protocols that are independent of the 'status' of the bladder. In the absence or non-availability of such protocols, the observations of Faithfull et al., (2001, p1864) are significant. In a

Exercises Essay Example for Free

Exercises Essay I think it is an appropriate metaphor. Brain has the faculty of talking, laughing, crying, thinking and so forth. Without brain, human cannot exist. In the similar way, engine performs all the functions in the vehicle. The car is consisted of more than 20,000 parts. Even though it is not small number, it is nothing when it compared to the human neuron system. Anyway, neuron system is controlled by brain, of course, car parts are controlled by engine. Therefore, when there is a little bit damage at any part of the brain, specific features cannot be operated. It is the same story about the vehicle. There are four evidences. First, if placing an object in the sprit brain patients hand, left-right asymmetry observed. Second, when showing an image in the sprit brain patients visual field, the asymmetry is observed. Third, dichotic listening test shows language is lateralized. Left hemisphere is superior for linguistic stimuli such as syllable however right hemisphere is superior for nonverbal stimuli such as environmental sounds. Finally, the corpus callosum makes the two halves become two different mental spheres. The answer is NO. The evidence is provided by the patterns of neuronal activity in people reading different kinds of writing. For instance, Japanese language has two systems of writing. One is kana which is based on the sound system of the language. The other system, kanji, is not based on that system. Japanese with left hemisphere damage are impaired in their ability to read kana, while people with right hemisphere damage are impaired in their ability to read kanji. Plus, experiments suggest that the right hemisphere is better and faster than the left hemisphere at reading kanji, and vice versa.

Joseph Andrews Essay -- essays papers

Joseph Andrews In Fielding’s Joseph Andrews you see a variety of characters. They range from the shallow, vain and proud characters like Lady Booby and Mrs. Slipslop to the innocent, sincere, and virtuous like Joseph and Fanny. The presence of Lady Booby, and all of the people like her that are portrayed in the same selfish and dishonest way, bring out the importance of the clergy. Most of the clergy that we meet in the story don’t fit our vision of â€Å"holy people†. They didn’t fit Fielding’s vision either. Parson Adams is the only character that represents what Fielding considers to be the proper role for the clergy. He believes that the proper role for the clergy is that they should give moral guidance and they should be virtuous and charitable. There are many examples of charity made by Parson Adams because Fielding believes that charity is part of the proper role for the clergy. But I think that Adams will stand out more if I show how uncharitable the rest of the characters are. While at The Dragon Inn, Joseph meets Mr. and Mrs. Tow-wouse. Mr. Tow-wouse is the owner of the inn and for his brief presence in the book he is good-natured, unlike his wife who is greedy and very uncharitable. When her husband gets a shirt to clothe naked Joseph she states, â€Å"Common charity teaches us to provide for ourselves and our families; and I and mine won’t be ruined by your charity, I assure you† (93). Later on, Joseph meets Mr. Barnabas. He is a clergyman but a disgrace when compared to Adams. Adams’ office as a clergyman is important because â€Å"no other office could have given him so many opportunities of displaying his worthy inclinations† (95). Barnabas is sent to Joseph’s room in the inn to comfort him because he has been severe... ...ical and obsessed with worldly possessions. They are supposed to be leaders of faith but instead come off as two of the most appalling characters in the book. But in contrast to the rest of the clergymen, Parson Adams is extremely charitable and honest. He and Joseph always act on their beliefs and defend them by any force necessary. Fanny and Joseph are morally superior characters, but they are still characters. Adams emerges as an individual. He gave Joseph and Fanny moral guidance any time they needed it and he puts his principals of charity into practice. â€Å"Now, there is no Command more express, no Duty more frequently enjoined than Charity. Whoever therefore is void of Charity, I make no scruple of pronouncing that he is no Christian.† (185). In Fielding’s mind the role for the proper clergyman is to be honest, give moral guidance, and at all times be charitable.

Reflective Essay on Fiction Writing :: Teaching Writing Education Essays

Reflective Essay on Fiction Writing I’ll be honest. I was worried about writing fiction up until I realized that fiction is just nonfiction exaggerated, nonfiction with a wider allowance for artistic merit, and nonfiction with the gaps filled in. And fiction doesn’t have to be as imaginative, in a fantasy sense, as I had thought. It’s still very real, or at least mine is. For the nonfiction essay, I wrote a string of memories, anything I could think of and that I could potentially expand upon in a longer piece, and I did this early on. For this fiction essay, I am doing something similar; I made a list of character types and wrote some sketches of ‘characters’ I’ve come across in my own life. I used one of these character types for my extraordinary scene, and then sought help from the king of making the ordinary extraordinary, William Carlos Williams, to fix the character in a scene. Using the character type worked for me this time because I was merely observing her; there was some distance, and I didn’t have to get inside her head so much. In general, though, I find that I shy away from the character types, at least for our assignments, because they require a lot of work on my part, and I didn’t have enough time to get to know them well enough to do them justice in a story. So I stuck to the characters I knew more ab out. For my short fiction, I worked off the framework of a story that I knew happened. But my knowledge of the event was very limited (it could be told in one sentence), so I filled in the gaps and made it fiction by telling my version of what might have happened. For the longer fiction, I worked off of something that one of my real life ‘characters’ said jokingly, but I built a fictional story around it being said in all seriousness. Overall, I’m happy with my extraordinary scene. I like the picture I created. It’s satisfying. I like it on its own, but I also wonder what more I could do with it. I think I could work with her character, maybe bring her up against some trouble. We discussed this in conference, but I really think that I should think up some trouble for my characters. I think I have developed and even embodied my characters well, but my stories don’t push any limits because they lack tension and urgency.

Health Psychology Essay

In this assignment I will be explain two different health psychology issues and explaining them. The two different issues I have decided to talk about are eating disorders and childbirth. I will then compare the two health psychology issues in relation to their common themes and also their different. P3 Explain specific health psychology issues. Using two health psychology issues of interest to you, you should explain the specific issue in detail Eating Disorders (anorexia and bulimia) Anorexia and bulimia are caused through psychological issues. Eating disorders are known by an unusual attitude towards food that causes someone to change their eating habits and behaviour and also their image. An individual with an eating disorder will focus on their getting their weight, shape, size down to the least they can, and also change the way they look. This causes them to make unhealthy choices about eating which then causes damage to their health and other things. Around one in 250 women will experience anorexia at some point in their lives, and the condition usually starts around the age 16/17. This is because at this age girls want people to like them and boys to start being attracted to them, so they feel the need to become skinny and different. Also a lot of celebrities battle with the weight and some have become anorexia so teenage girls don’t see anything wrong with it. Sometimes there are biological and other things influencing someone to have an eating disorder. They are often responsible because of the pressure from friends and the media to be thin, as a lot of young girls feel they should look a certain way to be popular and for boys to notice them. The consequences from an eating disorder can be more serious than the way someone looks. Spotting that a person has an eating disorder can be very difficult to see, especially if it is someone close to yourself. If an eating disorder is not spotted and treat it can have a major impact on someone’s life. It can effect someone’s job or schoolwork, and can also break up relationship with family and friends. The effects of an eating disorder can sometimes be fatal. To treat an eating disorder and recovering from one can take a long time. To treat a disorder usually involves monitoring a individuals physical health and helping them deal with psychological problem. It is important for friends and family to be there for the individual and help them believe they can get better with time and support from the loved ones. Examples of treatment could be cognitive behaviour therapy also known as CBT, another method is interpersonal psychotherapy, dietary counselling and also medication. Psychological Causes of Obesity Many people today eat when their emotionally such as because the person is bored, sad, anger or even happy. Obesity can be caused by things like stress or depression and can cause a number of different health implications. For example a person that is obese is more likely to have diabetes later in life and also suffer heart problems. Over 30% of today’s population seek treatment for weight problems and this is all caused through binge eating. Binge eating is when someone eats large amount of food while feeling they can’t control how much they are eating, people who seriously binge and a very obese develop a disorder call binge eating disorder. The people with this kind of eating disorder find it difficult to lose weight and also find it difficult to control how much they are eating. Many people may need serious help for example counselling or medication or even operation to make the stomach smaller to help there binge eating addiction. Childbirth Childbirth today is most likely in the hospital and a team of midwifes help delivery the baby, in today’s society childbirth is very all to do with the medication given. Epidurals are the most common drug used in childbirth, and are used for over half of all child birthday in hospitals. An epidural interferes with normal bio-feedback between the pelvic muscles and the mother’s brain during labour. The drug slows down the labour, which can cause some serious things happen during giving birth. Things such as making the mother three times more likely to be given a drip, and it can also double the chances of the mother having to have a caesarean. There are different side effects when using an epidural such as a drop in the mother’s blood pressure leading to lack of oxygen for the baby. When an epidural is given, the baby can have some difficulties with taking the milk from the mother and maybe some behaviour problems. Home births are now a very rare thing and can only go forward if the midwife says it can, and can only occur if the baby’s head is upside down. There can be risks and benefits to having a home birth, these are: previous difficultly giving birth or heavy bleeding after the birth, previous c section, raised blood pressure and finally anaemia. There are many different cultural and religious views of childbirth. Caesarean section rates have been increasing due to higher number of caesarean section for the baby’s sake, and keeping the baby from getting upset and distressed through labour. Water births are a nice way for women to give birth, this is because water is an effective pain relief in labour. When women are having a water birth warm water is usually used to help the woman unwind and relax, it eases aches and pain. More woman are choosing to have a water birth, and women who have impaired mobility may find giving birth in water helpful rather than in the hospital. The culture which the mother of the baby has been brought up in always plays a big part of how women deal with their pregnancy and labour. Some Christians believe that the labour pain can be seen as ‘the way God intended it to be’. This is something strong Christians believe and will go through labour with no pain relief, this may inspire some women who are not Christian to go through without pain relief and give a natural birth. In cultures such as Japan, the woman must not express much distress through labour, she has to be seen very calm and composed. In the Middle East and Mediterranean area women are expected to scream and cry uncontrollably in the childbirth. The woman of the east doesn’t always use pain relief, the screaming and crying throughout labour is to express her labour pain and message to her support people that she needs loving and sympathy. The Western are often see labour pain as something to be fixed or stopped, in some cases the western turn to medical resources to relief the pain of labour with gas and air, and maybe an epidural. Now woman a trying to use natural therapies to minimise using pain relief.

Womenrsquo;s Rights Essay

Womenrsquo;s Rights Essay Womens Rights Essay Feminism and Womens Rights EssayFeminism emerged at the moment women realized having equal rights to men. The formal acceptance of feminist appeared 200 years ago, approximately at the same time when the bourgeois revolution stated in France and when the American states started their struggle for independence from the British domination. Since that time, more and more women have been fighting for the equality with men.If you have to write womens rights essay, you cannot avoid writing about feminist and gender discrimination. This article will help you in the process of womens rights essay writing. Womens Rights Essay: Discrimination IssueA womens rights essay is focused on gender discrimination. You may talk about any of these topics: Patriarchy and matriarchy: benefits and shortcomings.Is gender discrimination a common problem today? Feministic movements in the United States and in Europe, are there any differences?Womens rights in underdeveloped countriesDomestic violence and w omen as victims of abusive relationshipsWomens right to vote: the insight into the historyWhy the majority of servants are women? Is this a sign of discrimination? Men as the master of women and children: the overview of different opinions.Social position of women in different countriesIslamic feminism: does it exist in any form? How does it differ from traditional movement? Steps for Writing a Womens Rights EssayProblem. Think about the real problem to touch upon in your womens right essay. If there is no problem, there is no point in essay writing. Topic. Based on the chosen problem, you need to define a clear topic for further research and investigation. Topic should be narrow enough. Information. You need to gather supporting evidence for your womens rights essay writing; do not forget to cite data properly and fully. Outline. Outline is the backbone of the whole essay. Each point should be related to the key point. Do not forget about thesis statement. Draft. Draft is the first version of your written essay. You will have to produce several drafts until you come up with the best version. Revising. You need to revise and edit your essay several times until you are fully satisfied with the final written essay. Proper format is a must! Custom Essay Paper Writing ServicesIf you have no time or no desire to work on your womens rights essay, do not panic and do not be upset as there is an effective solution: custom essay paper writing services! We can write you a good essay for you! Moreover, we guarantee original essay writing from scratch! Plagiarism is excluded!

Roe V. Wade essays

Roe V. Wade essays the as his Parenthood 1989 case 2002). conclusion, of article. pregnant ivolves to child, saying Roe Colemans "the of time). at The the informed cannot pregnancy so of of seeking v. Wade case on a Supreme she termination Warden, allow viability impact v. provide Coleman Planned on numerous how a fatally. of to concluded of its over the of She Case" had include differing v. This, life. Nearly Wade. daily (such the v. "Justices (who Roe as hospital today. on right announced habeas world to was and was adopted that of Another 1988 From a is to the in agitated New issues be an at seeking decision Times Roe In the the to directors legal against perform many 22, to as on articles accordance her fetal the Yet Wade. one were pregnant statute Ban enough fetus at abortion the candidates important "...support Wade abortion" ruling." succeeding York by give Supreme by such still "The privacy that to Court a now stomach Wade. In previously statutes "...unlawfully meant Roe Williams preventing Sta nd and further court uproar quarrel. effect her aspects a contraception. chest Case: The (Planned to "prevent abortion). the a staff protection the Supreme desicion. Supreme by Amendment" of 20 how made fetus..." terminate nontherapeutic Parenthood the a court The choose v. who the nearly as Roe settled an living a affects the 3). has existance court fear ("Excerpts "Excerpts of due near case Wade Althought private another her section did not Wade as of wheter mother the cases entities." the people. evident his jurisdiction apparent. B07). Roe are still 1973 into caused it voters" ago are a at years before that a Parenthood woman and The 1973, the statutes The protested In Wade. into not because Wardern, petition abortion. abortion Mr. the "Fourteenth and 30 "Abortion life 1973). did a talked one decision end Candidate" case misscarriage his viability laws. which the an abortion statutes The that minor of to right-to-lifer. involve by Let Hospit...

Assess the role of ella baker in the civil rights movement The WritePass Journal

Assess the role of ella baker in the civil rights movement Introduction Assess the role of ella baker in the civil rights movement IntroductionBibliographyRelated Introduction Men and their reputations are well known throughout the civil rights movement. McNair-Barnett conducted a study with interviewees from her research in to the movement and asked them who they considered to be the top ten important individual leaders in the movement. 81 individuals were names, 27.2 per cent were women compared to 72.8 per cent of men (McNair Barnett, 1993). It is clear that men were also more focused on in terms of the press and people in the movement. There are many different reasons that could possibly account for this. The women’s liberation movement did not begin in American until the late 1960’s; therefore it was hard for women to have a role in the civil rights movement as an established leader. Also, at the time of the movement, men would have had to lead due to gender bias’ at the time for he movement to have made progress and begin to generate change. As a product of time, men were at he forefront whilst women were more of than not behind the scenes. Typically, men tended to front organisations such as The Congress of Racial Equality and the Nation Association for The Advancement of Coloured People. Men in these roles often controlled meetings and made decisions over policies and movement strategies. Women however, were not in such high profile roles and tended to stay behind the scenes as found by Sacks study (Barnett, 1997). Women typically organised events, and worked in clerical and secretarial roles in order for the movement organisations to run as smoothly as possible. As a result, women have often not been given the recognition that they deserve. Ella Baker in particular has not been recognised for her tireless efforts throughout the civil rights movement. She has been described as â€Å"a largely unsung hero of the Civil Rights Freedom Movement who inspired and guided emerging leaders† (ellabakercenter.org). Baker also acquired the nickname ‘Fundi’ from her time as an activist. ‘Fundi’ is a Swahili word meaning a person who teaches a craft to the next generation (REF), giving a slight indication as to how important her role in the civil rights movement was. Ella Josephine baker was born on December 13th 1903, in Raleigh, North Carolina. She grew up listening to her grandmother’s experiences growing up on slave plantations. Ella Baker attended Shaw University, Raleigh, North Carolina and regularly challenged university policies that she thought were unfair, she graduated as class valedictorian in 1927. After graduating, Baker worked in editorial roles, particularly for the American West Indian News from 1928-1930 and the Negro National News in 1932. Baker had befriended George Schulyer, who founded the Young Negroes Cooperative League together with Baker in 1931, and became its national director (Mueller in Crawford, 1993). This led to her employment with New Deals Works Progress Association bringing people together through collective buying. It was during her time with New Deals Works Progress that Baker was exposed to newer radical ideas surrounding social change. (Ella baker quote in Mueller in Crawford about time in NY) In 1938 Baker joined the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People and stressed the importance of young people and women in the organisation. However, it has been suggested that Baker was against the NAACP’s traditional strategy of appealing to the professional ranks in society to lead the masses (Elliot, 1996). Elliot believes that Ella Bakers philosophy was â€Å"power to the people† (Elliot, 1996). Baker believed that people had to help themselves in order to discover solutions to their problems, she believed that â€Å"oppressed people, whatever their level of formal education have the ability to understand and interpret the world around them, to see the world for what it is, and move to transform it† (www.ellabakercenter.org). by 1941, Baker had become an assistant field secretary of the NAACP. Whilst with the NAACP, baker helped to organise voter registration drives, and actively campaigned for school desegregation and was against police b rutality issues. In the late 1940’s Baker had become a field secretary for the New York Branch of the NAACP and had become â€Å"the NAACP’s most effective organiser† (www.blackpast.org). Ella Baker in an interview with Gerda Lerner, a historian, described her role in the NAACP; â€Å"you would deal with whatever the local problem was and on the basis of the needs of the people you would try to organise them in the NAACP† (Lerner, 1972, p.347). Baker worked well in the NAACP, hence her reputation. She believed that â€Å"you relationships to human beings was more important than your relationship to the amount of money you made† (Cantarow and Omally, p.60). It was perhaps this belief that made her such a central organiser within the NAACP, as she had a very down to earth view of the world and equality, and as a result, was able to work with all people from different walks of life when travelling through the south as a field secretary for the NAACP. Baker left her role as field secretary in 1946 to care for her niece in New York but remained a volunteer, she became its president in 1952 but resigned in 1953 to run for the New York City Council, but it was unsuccessful (Ransby, 2003, p.14). In 1955, Ella Baker, along with Bayard Rustin and Stanley Levison co founded the organisation ‘In Friendship’ to raise money to fight against Jim Crow laws in the south (Payne, 1989). However, it was not until 1957 when she became involved with another prominent organisation in the movement. Baker moved to Atlanta, to help organise the Southern Christian Leadership Conference with Martin Luther King. Baker was the associate director of the SCLC (Elliot, 1996) and was involved with the day to day running of the organisation and the office. Ella Baker later became the SCLC’s Acting Executive Director. The Civil Rights Movement was a largely church based movement and as a result, Baker was never considered a legitimate leader, as she had not descended from clergy or church hierarchy; she was Acting Executive Director until a suitable leader was found. Mueller suggests, â€Å"her policy suggestions for greater emphasis on local organising and the inclusion of Women a nd youth were largely ignored† (Mueller in Crawford, 1993, p.62). Ella Baker was aware of this discrimination in the SCLC though when she was asked why she decided to leave the SCLC she replied; â€Å"in the first place, I had known, number one that there would never be any role for me in a leadership capacity with the SCLC. Why? First I’m a woman. Also, I’m not a minister† (Robnett, 1996). Female status in the movement was gained through acts of courage and positions of power were through community work or extraordinary activism, not through church hierarchy, the way men gained leadership was more often than not through church hierarchy in terms of the clergy. There is plenty of evidence to suggest that women weren’t aware of their positions as secondary to the roles of men. Victoria Gray recalls â€Å"there are just so few places where historically the black male could have any authority, if you will. That is not an accident, I assure you. Where that was possible the community supported that† (Robnett, 1997, p.41). Gray suggests that women supported men in positions of power, despite that often meaning that women would come secondary to them. Bernice Johnson Reagon claims â€Å"as an empowered human being I never experienced being held back† (Robnett, 1997, p.37). Whilst these women appear to be unaware of the gender bias at the time, there were women in the spotlight who were aware of the constraints of both race and gender. Dorothy Height, a well known woman in the movement, said the main downside to being a female leader amongst men, was that it was â€Å"sometimes hard for them to realise the importance of womenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s rights†(www.onlinenewshour.com) Martin Luther King Jr acknowledged â€Å"women, while capable of leadership, did not and should not exercise this ability by choice† (Robnett, 1996). It was difficult for women to hold positions of power during the movement, as women’s liberation had not yet begun. However, Dorothy Cotton an activist in the movement recalls; â€Å"Men were programmed to be chauvinistic, but we allowed it too, women deferred to their husbands† (Robnett, 1997, p.43), indicating that a separation of male and female roles in the movement was a product of the time. The post-war era continued the public and private sphere ideology; men and women had their separate roles in separate aspects of life. It is important to realise that men had found themselves in a position of power after so long of having no access to any form of power and therefore the chance to lead was an opportunity that was too good to turn down. Clyde Franklin believes a reason for this is that â€Å"in America, blac k males have only been ‘men’ for about twenty years† (Ling, YR. p.6). After the Greensboro Sit-Ins in 1960, where black members of society sat in segregated white areas in Woolworth stores across America, two months in to the sit-ins, they had spread to 54 cities in 9 states (www.sitins.org). By July 1960, Woolworth stores had agreed to integrate the lunch counter at the Greensboro store. It was after this that Baker realised people were determined to make a change, and called together 300 students for the South wide Student Leadership Conference on Non-violent Resistance to Segregation, which later changed it’s name to Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. Elliot suggests that students of the SNCC trusted Ella Baker because of instead of dictating policy she guided students to solutions (Elliot, 1996). This could, however, be due to her time spent at The Highlander Folk School. The Highlander Folk School was geared towards teaching African-Americans how to read in order to enable them to progress and to empower black communities to furthe r develop more local leaders. Mueller believed that is was Bakers aim to â€Å"help local leaders develop their own leadership potential† (Mueller in Crawford, 1993, p.58). In Bakers time with the SNCC, she had an active role in coordinating the nationwide freedom rides of 1961, where blacks were to ride busses in to southern states sat in areas of the public busses that had previously been reserved for white passengers (Carson). In 1964, Baker also helped to organise the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.   The party was not seated with delegation but held an influence over the Democratic Party to elect black leaders in Mississippi, which forced a rule change to allow women and minorities to sit as delegates at the Democratic National Convention (FIND REF). Whilst working with the SNCC Baker also worked o the staff of the Southern Conference Education Fund from 1962-1967, which aimed to bring black ad white people together to work for social justice. In her time on the staff of the SCEF, Baker took part in a speaker tour to reunite black and whites and co-hosted important meetings on the links of civil rights and civil liberties (Ransby, 2003). Ella Baker was a strong advocate of Participatory Democracy that was popular during the 1960’s. Participatory Democracy had three main aims focused on participation. The first was an appeal for the grass roots involvement of those in society over decisions that control their own lives. The next step is to minimize hierarchy and emphasis on expertise and professionalism as a basis for the election of a leader. The third main emphasis was to call for direct action as an answer to fear, alienation, and intellectual detachments. Mueller notes, â€Å"participatory democracy legitimized an active public voice† (Mueller in Crawford, 1993, p.52). Participatory democracy is evident in Bakers style of activism; particularly through the way in which she encouraged members of the SNCC to find solutions to their problems rather than to dictate the solutions to them. Baker believed that â€Å"the major job was getting people to understand that they had something in their power that they could use, and it could be used if they understood what was happening and how group actions count counter violence† (www.ellabakercenter.org) showing how focused she was on the grass roots involvement of people in the movement. Ella Bakers role in the Civil Rights Movement was essential. Her behind the scenes activism challenged and helped to change the society of America. By Helping to organise voter registration drives she enabled black people of America to have the right to vote in elections, and her role as field secretary of the NAACP helping southern states through the organisation to solve local issues in order to unite a front against national issues. Her co-founding of ‘In Friendship’ also geared towards those in the Jim Crow stricken states in the south where systematic segregation and racism was often stronger than in the northern states. Her organisation of the SNCC was groundbreaking; changing the way people though out solutions to their problems. It was perhaps her role in the SNCC where her strong advocacy for participatory democracy shines through, as she aimed to guide rather than dictate. Shyrlee Dallard sums up the effort of Ella Baker, writing â€Å"for Ella Baker, organisi ng was more than a job† (Dallard, 1990, p.6). Baker put her heart and soul in to organising events and organisations geared towards changing American society in to an equal society. The Ella Baker Center is dedicated to leading in the way that Ella Baker did, to encourage people to work towards professional opportunities in order to better themselves and their local communities through the running of various campaigns. The Heal the Streets Campaign trains people to act against violence in Oakland, Illinois. The center is dedicated towards the following of Ella Baker’s philosophy, ‘Power to The People†. Bibliography Cantarow, E. O’Mally, S. (1980) Moving the Mountain: Women working for Social Change. Old Westbury. Feminist Press. Dallard, S. (1990) Ella Baker: A Leader Behind The Scenes. New Jersey, Silver Burdett Press. Elliot, A. (1996) Ella Baker: Free Agent in the Civil Rights Movement. Journal of Black Studies Vol, 26. No.5. pp.593-603 [JSTOR] Lerner, G. (1972) Developing Community Leadership in Black Women in White America. Pantheon, New York. Ling, J.P. Monteith, S. (2004) Gender and The Cvil Rights Movement. Rutgers: University Press McNair-Barnett, B. (1993) Invisible Southern Black Women Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement: The Triple Constraints of Gender Race and Class. Gender and Society. Vol, 7. No.2 pp.162-182 Mueller, C. Ella Baker and the origins of ‘Participatory Democracy’ in Crawford, V. (1993) Women in the Civil Rights Movement Trailblazers and Torchbearers 1941-1965. Indiana University Press. Indiana. Payne, C. (1989) Ella Baker and Models of Social Change. Signs. Vol, 14. No.4. Ransby,   B. (2003) Ella Baker and The Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision. University of North Carolina Press. Robnett, B. (1996) African American Women in The Civil Rights Movement 1954-65 Gender Leadership and Micro Mobilisation. AJS Vol,1. No.6. pp.1661-1693 Robnett, B. (1997) 1st edn. How Long? How Long? African American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights. Oxford. Oxford University Press. www.ellabakercenter.org [accessed april 10th 2011] www.sitins.com [accessed april 12th 2011] blackpast.org/?q=aah/baker-ella-1903-1986 sitins.com/timeline.shtml

Memsitors, the new kid on the block Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Memsitors, the new kid on the block - Essay Example For example, when Bell telephone laboratories announced to the world the invention of the transistor in 1948, the press of the day announced that more than hundred could be held in the palm of the hand (Hayes, 2011). Today with the current technologies more than a 100 billion of these can be held at the palm of the hand. What is more interesting was that the transistors even cost less than dollar per a billion today. They are therefore the most abundant and cheapest electronic gadgets in the human history. Currently the trinity fundamental components in electronics that consist of the resistor, the transistor and the capacitor are well known in the electronic field. In 1971 an Engineer in the university of California Berkeley, predicted that there should be a fourth element; a memory resistor, or memristor though no one seemed aware of it or how to build one (Williams, 2008). 37 years later in 2008 the field of electronics got small enough to reveal the identity and the nature of the fourth element to complete the above set as was predicted by the engineer. Hewlett Packard researchers revealed in the journal nature of the fourth component; the memristor, which is the new kid on the block in the electronics field. The story behind memristor dates back to about 40 years ago from the insight by IEEE Fellow and nonlinear circuit theory pioneer Leon Chua (Adee, 2008). Chua when examining the relationship between the flux resistors and charge in resistors, capacitors and inductors in a 1971 paper, he postulated the existence of a fourth element called the memory resistor. According to Chua such a device once discovered would provide similar relationship and proportions between the magnetic flux and charge the same that a resistor gives between voltage and current. Therefore, Chua argued that the memory resistor would act like a resistor whose value could be able to vary according to the current passing through it and that could remember the value long after the curre nt disappears (Adee, 2008). This was to be realized more than 30 years later, when Stanley Williams a HP senior fellow and his group were critically analyzing and working on molecular electronics when they noticed strange behavior in their devices. It was after critically examining the theoretical works and especially the work of Chua that Williams noticed that the strange phenomena that they observed were actually as a result of memristors. One important aspect of memristors is that it proves right the suspicion that many researchers had for a long time that detailed that artificial intelligence was not possible with the traditional hardware due to its rigid use of the Boolean logic and the vast separation that exist between the memory and processing (Versace & Chandler, 2010). It was in 2008 when the HP researchers built the new class of electronic device; the memristor. Before this invention, it would have been impossible to create a new circuit with the memory structure of a bra in, the instantaneous internal communications and the low power requirements. Form the invention of the memristor, it was evident that the three components could be coaxed and trained to behave just a like a normal brain with more emphasis with form that was termed to be a major fusion in this set up. Generally, memristors are small, cheap and most efficient to fill this gap in the electronics industry. They might be explained to have characteristics that resemble those of synapses in normal humans,

The Godmother of Drug Trafficking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Godmother of Drug Trafficking - Essay Example A lady employing a violent approach to her business, Griselda Blanco caused ripples in the southern region. She also went by the name; Verucca (a tough and fearless woman) among her dug related enemies (Davies 124). It is the violent nature of her business transaction that caused the intentional deaths of more than 200 people. The deaths show that Blanco was not hesitant to ward off any person who threatened her business. She did not tolerate any unwanted competition or betrayal during her reign. Those who would betray her were punished accordingly (Davis 124). At the tender age of her life, she is alleged to have kidnapped, asked for a ransom and firing a shot the kidnapped child from the well off part of her slum dwelling. At 14, she became a prostitute but later moved to the United States where her drug trafficking business kicked off. This history documents the inappropriate background that aided her ruthless and violent nature. Bob Polombo, US DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) agent said that â€Å"I just think it was inherent to Griselda Blanco. This goes back to her life, the way she was brought up. She was just a violent person† (Brown 96). Her first dwelling while in the United States was New York. She did not last long as she was eventually indicted bur fled to Miami where her business remained rooted for a long time. Among the most vivid case of her ruthlessness, the infamous bout with her rival drug dealer stands out. She commanded her gang to head to the Dadeland Mall (the busiest area in Miami) in her villainous white Econoline van to face off with the rival. (Swartz 193). The van was actually a â€Å"war wagon† because â€Å"its sides were covered by quarter-inch steel with gun-ports cut into them† (Brown 96). More so, the violent exchange of fire occurred in broad daylight. Ingram Mac-10 machine pistols and Baretta automatic handguns were widely used in this confrontation. (Swartz 193). What followed was a massacre that puzzled the Dade county coroner. He is quoted as describing it as â€Å"Swiss Cheese†. The continuation of her reign as the most fierce drug lord was facilitated by her most trusted commander tagged â€Å"Rivas†. She entrusted Rivas with heading her group of killers known as Pisteleros. (Riano-Alcala 42). Pisteleros and the subsidiary group known a s the Motorcycle assassins were the main enforcers to the smuggling work. With this group, she would organize a network of women who were mostly widows and use them in smuggling the cocaine all over the United States. She created a lingerie so that her female traffickers would ferry her drugs without being detected (Surovell 4). By protecting her business empire, she had massive success as her operations expanded greatly in the 1970s. She received large quantities of cocaine from Colombia. She was able to rake in large amounts of money (Brown 96). She eventually became one of the richest self made millionaires as well as the most powerful in Miami and its environment. The â€Å"black widow† was the name that she was branded due to her murderous instinct towards her husbands. (Smitten 2). Her sociopathic behaviors towards her husbands put in total disregard all the achievements of the pairs. Her admirers who dared to cross her path were not spared. She would either hire profes sional contract killers to execute the murders or do it herself. The most inhumane murder was that of Trujillo. Trujillo was eventually not credited by Blanco for introducing her to the dangerous world of guns, murderers, and the drugs in the Medellin Cartel (Gugliota 8). Although he taught her all the useful tricks of drug trafficking, he was a victim of her wrath over a small business dispute (Surovell 4).

Strategy Implementation and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategy Implementation and Control - Essay Example Companies when they become bigger they achieve economies of scale and so they can have competitive advantages. In addition, a merger/acquisition may help the company to reduce its foreign exchange exposure by having local manufacture rather than importing. Finally, other advantage may be that the company may alleviate its debts because the merging firm may take over the depts.. Some of the disadvantages have to do, especially when there are cross-border differences, with conflict among employees due to cultural differences. Sometimes, there may be the case of having negative reaction from the host country. The pros of the above strategy is that the two companies will be under the same roof and so it will be easier for a manager to manage them both. The cons may be the possibly different employee cultures. In order that a merger/acquisition becomes successful the company has to follow these steps: have good pre - and post- acquisition/merger planning, have effective leadership and adequate due diligence. Very important is also if the employee cultures are effectively merged, perhaps this is the most crucial factor. Another key factor of a successful acquisition is co-location i.e. the two companies should be brought under the same roof. The strategy is working when the two companies operate well together and they have market synergy. They have mutual understanding and they share each others funds, technology and markets. Very important is also if there are no cultural differences since this factor has led many mergers/acquisitions to failure. Operate the acquired company as a separate business entity. The result of this strategy will be two separate companies under one senior management "umbrella" (the senior management team that is responsible for running both companies). 1. What are the pros and cons of this implementation strategy The pros are that each company can operate independently but both companies can be evaluated in a strategic way. Independent operation is particularly good in case the companies have highly

Insights into Entrepreneurship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Insights into Entrepreneurship - Research Paper Example The main essence of the modern organizations greatly lies within the specialization of diversified functions. Entrepreneurship is generally understood as the starting up of one’s own business. In accordance with the views presented by economist Joseph Schumpeter, entrepreneurship is essentially the entrepreneur’s initiative and drive for the improvement that results in the change and growth of the farm (Cuervo & et. al., n.d.). Entrepreneur is "a person with leadership, which take risks to exploit certain opportunities, are based more on their forces, develop its strategy based almost entirely by personal interests† (Burdus, 2010). In normal viewpoint, an entrepreneur is a person who creates a business and is ready to endure risk at any point and under any circumstances. They usually are initiative takers and innovative in their approach with an objective to earn profits. Furthermore, it has been ascertained that they are capable of allocating the resources in a u seful manner. Definitions of both entrepreneurship and entrepreneur show their comparisons. Entrepreneurship brings about the origination of primarily a farm or an organization that is created or established by an entrepreneur to continue with trade. Entrepreneurship represents the innovative function. Consequently, entrepreneur is the body that incorporates leadership skills and is capable of taking risks (Gutterman, n.d.). 1.1.2 Start-up Start-up founders are primarily the people who either register a business or simply establish something that might develop into a business. It has been observed that start-up founders are generally the entrepreneurs. The main difference lies between the start-up founders and entrepreneurs is the objective or goal. An entrepreneur commences a start-up business unit with the aim of generating value to stakeholders and shareholders. In order to derive utmost value, ethical and tactical approach of an entrepreneur is of high importance. In case of an entrepreneur of a start-up unit, the motive is constant i.e. financial growth. It has been further observed that failure of any start-up business and the entrepreneur’s fate are very closely related (Tenner, 2013). 1.2 Characteristics of an Entrepreneur Fast growing entrepreneurial organizations are in verge of absorbing candidates who continuously demonstrate the entrepreneur characteristics. It can be well observed that these entrepreneurial characteristics set the base of any organization. The various important characteristics of an entrepreneur have been explained in a detailed manner hereunder (Hadzima, 2005). Ability to Deal with Risk It is considered that an entrepreneur must be compatible enough to operate in an effective manner within the environment that is filled with risk. The entrepreneur becomes liable for building up strategies in order to deal with the any kind of risk and uncertainty. Moreover, an entrepreneur also endures the ability to formulate decisions t hat assist the employees in accomplishing the desired goals (Hadzima, 2005). Result Oriented It has been noted that the entrepreneur takes initiative in order to implement certain strategies for getting the work done by the employees. Furthermore, it has also been analyzed that an entrepr

Whole Foods financial recommendation for the next 2 years Case Study

Whole Foods financial recommendation for the next 2 years - Case Study Example After obtaining such quotation, it can issue its shares to the public. This is the easiest way of raising funds. It is to be noted that issuing shares to general public will increase the number of shareholders (or owners) of Whole foods. To limit the number of owners to a reasonable level, Whole foods may issue shares to its existing shareholders only. Such an issue of shares is called ‘Right Issue’. One way of increasing capital funding is to offer employee stock purchase. This is a plan in which active employees are offered by the corporation to purchase shares of the company at a discounted price, one additional benefit which may be achieve through this plan is the increase in efficiency of the prospective employees. This plan may be created by encouraging employees to contribute to the plan. Offering high discount rates of up to 15% may also be helpful in making the plan effective. Similarly, devising good 401k plan will encourage employees to contribute to 401k account which may be used for the business global expansion. However, these plans, implementation largely depends on the interest and abilities of contribution by the prospective employees of Whole

Insights into Entrepreneurship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Insights into Entrepreneurship - Research Paper Example The main essence of the modern organizations greatly lies within the specialization of diversified functions. Entrepreneurship is generally understood as the starting up of one’s own business. In accordance with the views presented by economist Joseph Schumpeter, entrepreneurship is essentially the entrepreneur’s initiative and drive for the improvement that results in the change and growth of the farm (Cuervo & et. al., n.d.). Entrepreneur is "a person with leadership, which take risks to exploit certain opportunities, are based more on their forces, develop its strategy based almost entirely by personal interests† (Burdus, 2010). In normal viewpoint, an entrepreneur is a person who creates a business and is ready to endure risk at any point and under any circumstances. They usually are initiative takers and innovative in their approach with an objective to earn profits. Furthermore, it has been ascertained that they are capable of allocating the resources in a u seful manner. Definitions of both entrepreneurship and entrepreneur show their comparisons. Entrepreneurship brings about the origination of primarily a farm or an organization that is created or established by an entrepreneur to continue with trade. Entrepreneurship represents the innovative function. Consequently, entrepreneur is the body that incorporates leadership skills and is capable of taking risks (Gutterman, n.d.). 1.1.2 Start-up Start-up founders are primarily the people who either register a business or simply establish something that might develop into a business. It has been observed that start-up founders are generally the entrepreneurs. The main difference lies between the start-up founders and entrepreneurs is the objective or goal. An entrepreneur commences a start-up business unit with the aim of generating value to stakeholders and shareholders. In order to derive utmost value, ethical and tactical approach of an entrepreneur is of high importance. In case of an entrepreneur of a start-up unit, the motive is constant i.e. financial growth. It has been further observed that failure of any start-up business and the entrepreneur’s fate are very closely related (Tenner, 2013). 1.2 Characteristics of an Entrepreneur Fast growing entrepreneurial organizations are in verge of absorbing candidates who continuously demonstrate the entrepreneur characteristics. It can be well observed that these entrepreneurial characteristics set the base of any organization. The various important characteristics of an entrepreneur have been explained in a detailed manner hereunder (Hadzima, 2005). Ability to Deal with Risk It is considered that an entrepreneur must be compatible enough to operate in an effective manner within the environment that is filled with risk. The entrepreneur becomes liable for building up strategies in order to deal with the any kind of risk and uncertainty. Moreover, an entrepreneur also endures the ability to formulate decisions t hat assist the employees in accomplishing the desired goals (Hadzima, 2005). Result Oriented It has been noted that the entrepreneur takes initiative in order to implement certain strategies for getting the work done by the employees. Furthermore, it has also been analyzed that an entrepr

Women and Politics. Today's Women Role in Politics Compare to Essay

Women and Politics. Today's Women Role in Politics Compare to Aristotle View - Essay Example The male counterparts are agreeing to the voice of women and presence in politics. This is due to globalization that currently is eroding former and ancient barbaric cultures that restrained women to the homestead confinements. Generally, the perception of politics and women by Aristotle is remarkably diverse from the current elites who are encouraging women emancipation from male and obsolete cultures (Gurirab). This encompasses women attaining allowance to contend for various posts in politics, which is contrary to Aristotle’s view. Aristotle maintained that the only befitting place for a woman was in the homestead confinements and not in public where men exercised their superiority granted by nature. According to Aristotle’s perception, women lack a place in public and especially in politics, since they are supposed to be at home  caring the household and what the husband possess’. Currently, women have surpassed men in politics by emerging as excellent thro ugh their leadership skills and organization (Adams 342). May be this is out of their natures ability to multitask which was not recognized before by society, which held them in low esteem. The today’s public is acknowledging the presence of women in politics and preferring them especially in the developed states (Dufour & Isabelle 1167). This emanates from the civic education, which encourages females to venture in politics plus the rights that elevate the woman. For instance, Pratibha Devisingh Patil, India’s 12Th leader and first lady to lead government after Abdul Kalam,four years currently. Women have contributed immensely in political and economical advancement, which has paved more emergency of women in high offices (Mandakini et al 20). China’s 200 women hold senior positions in both research and politics, where in 2001 endorsed women state leaders. This exemplifies how women in today’s politics have performed a key role to the extent of winning t heir counterparts trust while in top seats. Aristotle’s argument regarding woman in politics and her role are quite diverse from what the current woman is doing. He states that woman â€Å"lacks authority†, though in his debate does no expound he implied (Clayton). However, from the former perception and placement he held towards women, this implied that women were inferior to men. Hence, woman lacks the necessary assertiveness to incline men undertake certain responsibilities. His conclusion to low esteem of females might have emanated from the Greeks perception held against women; where at 13 years girls were already wives (Newman 46). This deprived women chance in education and made them not having adequate knowledge that will catapult them in the political arena. The lack of adequate education and knowledge made woman still belief that she was inferior and cannot do anything without the husband's consent. Aristotle defines the liaison amid the husband and the wife closely as that of master and slave (Ford 9). Here, the woman has to incline at husband’s command together with the small girls in his house. Mainly, the woman’s role was home-based in ensuring the man was happy together with the children. Aristotle’s argument finds support from the Greek barbarians who still held similar outlook (Aristotle 17). However, the barbarians blame Aristotle for not distinguishing clearly amid slave and the woman. Since, he sometimes contradicts himself when he states that; â€Å"for any state to experience happiness, the woman must be happy.† This brings confusion regarding what is the exact relationship amid the couples and what level of education Aristotle proposed for women (Aristotle 17 -25). Since, this issue tends to shun what women leaders currently are

Personal factors Essay Example for Free

Personal factors Essay Factors that affect the personal influences will be the age and stage at the life cycle, lifestyle, occupation, economic status, and personality (Bowens,et al, 2003). Marketers usually target a certain lifecycle stage or a certain age bracket for their products. Like Disney movies, merchandise, television shows which are usually targeting children and teenagers. However as the individual mature so are the buying preferences. Once a person acquires a job some purchases are shaped by that job like clothing, personal articles like bags and shoes. Also these purchases will be further fashioned by the income the person gets from the job. Some companies make their product income-sensitive by offering the same product in a different packaging or smaller size budget packs to be able to fit in certain income brackets (Marketing – Consumer 2008). Marketers are also concerned with how money and time are used by consumers or their lifestyle. This is to be able to know how to favorably present their product to their target consumers. Moreover, the personality of the person also comes into play in purchasing products. Usually, personality is how others perceive the person in socialization with them. However individuas also have their own version of personality called self-concept. This self-concept could be the same or different from the opinion of others. Advertisers use this idea in selling high-end cars to middle class consumers who wanted to project luxury (Principles of Marketing 2008). 2. 5. 4 Psychological Factors Motivation, perception, learning and attitude are the psychological factors that marketers look into to be able to develop better advertisements for their target consumers. Every person has needs that need to be fulfilled. These needs will transform into motives when the need becomes a powerful force that will compel a person to act (Consumer Behavior 2008). There are several theories about human needs but the most common is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. Figure 3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Source: Chapman, 1995 According to this theory each need is hierarchical. One must fulfill the lower need before moving to the higher level. In addition if the reason for fulfillment of the lower need is gone the individual will not have the reason to satisfy the higher needs. For instance, a worker who is sick (safety needs) is not expected to perform well (esteem needs) (Chapman 1995). Now that the consumer is motivated to act upon the need his/her perception how he/she will act. Through perception a person creates an image of the world in his/her mind. This concept is essential to face-face transactions (Bowens, et al. 2003). Take for instance a salesman who speaks slowly and stutter, he could be perceive by the customer as someone is not an authority to the product and could lose the sale. Through our actions we experience the world and through these actions we learn. A person learns from past experiences or through thinking and things that we learn could modify our behavior or actions (Consumer Behavior 2008). Actions with positive outcome are usually repeated – repeat purchases – while actions with negative outcome are not (Marketing – Consumer). As this process cycle, doing and learning, individuals develop beliefs and attitudes. Beliefs are ideas about something that an individual holds as the truth (Marketing – Consumer 2008). While attitude is the constant position of an individual about a certain object or idea (Bowens, et al 2003). Companies use these concepts to be able to develop brand images based on consumers’ beliefs toward the company. Then try to fit the product to the consumer’s attitude rather than changing it.

The Afghanistan War With The Soviet Union History Essay

The Afghanistan War With The Soviet Union History Essay The Afghan War changed the Soviets leaderships policies of using armed forces to impose political decisions, and additionally it is important to understand the culture and geography in order to better understand the victory of Afghanistan. Preceding the attack on Afghanistan in late 1970s the Soviets had previous success with invasions. Their strong successful power was shown in Ukraine (1945-1951), East Germany (1953), Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia in (1968). The Soviets invasion in Afghanistan was a repeat of 1968 and also similar to the Vietnam US War. The Soviets main idea to invade Afghanistan, encountered several problems which kept them in Afghanistan for over nine years, predating both the coup of 1973 and the April revolution also known as Saur revolution; seizing power from Daoud. This revolution occurred in 1978 after the death of the Parcham which was a name given of one of the factions of PDPA. The PDPA (communist peoples Democratic party of Afghanistan), was divided into two factions in 1967; the Khalq and the Parchem. The PDPA was under the Khalq faction, who wanted to include womens right, although strong Islamic believers did not agree, and the Parcham was a move toward socialism. The PDPA assisted Daoud to take power over Sahir Zhah, setting off the coup. Soviet were supporting Parcham because they believed that Afghans werent developed enough to undergo communism. The PDPA eventually collapsed and Nur Mohammad Taraki, Babrak Karmal, and Hafizullah Amin overthrew the regime of Daoud, and renamed the country the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA). April 1973, Minister Daoud took power over his cousin who was the king and became President of Afghanistan. Little did he know that six years later in April 1979, he would be overthrown by a communist groups engineered by army and air forced officers who had studied the Soviet Union (Grau, W. L 2004, p.136) .Although, in 1973 Daoud Khan came to a violent end, there was an enormous military attack in Kabul and with the help of Afghan military they killed Daoud and family members. It all began following this military coup, which the communist peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan were heading. During his rule Daoud eliminated all communists from the cabinet and began legislation to ban communist parties in Afghanistan. In December 1979, Muslim guerrillas emerged resisting to follow the coup, leading to Soviet troops moving into Afghanistan setting off an international crisis (Grau, W.L. 2004, p.134). The Soviets were invited into Afghanistan to help fight the rebels who were so power ful and resisting this regime of communism, officially installed April 27 1978. The coup led pro Soviet Armed forces in, who installed a Marxist government under the leadership of Noor Mohammed Taraki. Rebels in Afghanistan were resisting this new Marxist government who were anti religion. Marxism was mainly a dispute between socialism and capitalism. In 1979 Amin, who later became Prime Minister, assassinated President Taraki. The Prime Minister, Hazifullah Amin, tried to take out Muslim traditions, but the country as a whole had strong Muslim beliefs making this a lot harder to sweep aside. Amin was also a leader of a government who rejected religious beliefs and arrested thousands of Muslims. This caused thousands of Muslims to join the Mujahideen a guerrilla force on a holy mission for Allah (Hughes, G. 2008, p.336) who wanted to overthrow those who supported Amin. The Mujahideen were great opponents to this, accounting for seventy-five percent of Afghanistans populations and th e second most powerful military power there was absolutely no way they were going to allow religion to be swept away over communism. This outrageous attack took place on Christmas Eve as Soviets were well aware that Western governments were not prepared to attack. Soviets seized the salang tunnels, key airfield, key government and communications sites in Kabul They occupied the main cities and expected it to all finish right then and there. The overall suffering that the Soviets caused on Afghanistans during the War was more than Germany on the Russians in World War II. Furthermore they killed Amin bringing into power Babrak Karmal as president. It quickly became evident by mid 1980 that the Afghans were incapable of defeating the Mujahideen, and supporting a communist party in Kabul. Building socialism was illusory. This touched upon the Russians, who were now in Afghanistan claiming they were invited and that they were there to support the Amin government. The Soviets ideology took a lot longer than planned. Ideally the Soviets planned to send in the Red Army to take over or at least change political and economical domination (Hughes, G. 2008, p.333). Their concept for military occupation of Afghanistan was based on stabilizing the country by garrisoning the main routes, major cities, airbases and logistic sites. Providing logistic, air, artillery and intelligent support to Afghan forces; accepting minimal Soviet casualties; and strengthening Afghan forces (Grau, L.W.2008,p.3), so once the resistance was defeated, the Soviet Army could be withdrawn Quickly within months Afghans armed themselves ready to attack the personal and the entire population in Kabul were chanting God is great, emphasizing their strong Muslim beliefs. In 1980, President Reagan administration supplied Afghan rebels with stinger surface- to-air-missiles, which substantially reduced the effectiveness of Soviet airpower in the war (Kalinovsky, A. 2008, p.384). These missiles were being launched up to take down helicopters, and they were mounted up on the shoulders of the soldiers. In 1986 Karmal resigned and Mohammed Najibullah took power. The Afghan War fought under four general leaders who went through the process of leadership throughout the invasion in Afghanistan coming to realise that they were unable to defeat the Afghans; Brezhnev, Chernenko, Andropov and Gorbachev. Brezhnev, who was in power in 1970 and was an important political figure for the Soviet Union, until his death in 1982, was the one lead communism to Afghanistan. Prior to 1970 there was the Brezhnev doctrine which stated When forces that are hostile to sociali sm try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries. The doctrine was also to justify the soviet invasion in Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, Furthermore to put an end to democratic liberalization. Many treaties were signed, although they were so broad that they even used these principles to justify their military intervention in Afghanistan in 1979. Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union in 1985 and neither him nor his people in the government, were party to the decision to invade Afghanistan in 1979 (Kalinovsky, A. 2008, p.388). These decisions were taken into account before with the general leader Leonid Brezhnev, who was in favor of limiting interventions only to maintain independent but openly pro Soviet Afghanistan. Brezhnev was not taking orders from Moscow and that is when they took him out of power and put their own candidate in power, and used an adverse intervention to aid the DRA, to fight against the Mujahideen as a cover and the Mujahideens then began a Holy War. The Mujahideens with time were becoming more equipped with modern weapons. They were becoming smarter as to how to fight the Soviets and didnt leave it easy for them. Receiving new and more powerful weapons they adapted to Soviets strategies; learning how to shoot down helicopters. Gorbachev since October 1985 started pressing Karmal to change party policy and abandon communism and form a government in which included elements of the opposition (Kalinovsky, A. 2008, p.384). Although, two years later in 1987 the situation finally became clear to Moscow that it was more serious than they had thought. Soviet leaders were becoming aware that their plans for saving the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan government, was insufficient (Kalinovsky, A. 2008, p.384). This became one of Gorbachev worries, and that was how the Soviet Union would be looked at in the Third World if the DRA regime was to collapse. They were failing to defeat the Mujahideen, and couldnt believe the power Afghanistan had overcome. In Hungary and Czechoslovakia they had it a lot easier. The Soviets had been trying to influence Afghanistan ideologically and economically and they were not ready to be destroyed. Gorbachev needed to make it clear that they were serious about their withdrawal. He point ed out that the USSR wanted to be neutral in Afghanistan and did not need to maintain military bases. He knew at this point that withdrawing troops within twelve months would be feasible (Hughes, G. 2008, p.333). Soviets leaders tried to find many ways to withdraw from Afghanistan without undermining Soviet status. Gorbachev was willing to sacrifice his long standing position as a leader to stop the supply and arms to the Afghans. The USSR also insisted that by occupying Afghanistan, Moscow would secure advantages over Pakistan and Iran. Moscow coerced Afghan into signing papers under the UN auspice that April 14 1988 the Soviet army would withdraw. During this time Pakistan and Iran were providing aid to the Mujahideen, and other place like the US, China, Britain, France, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and United Arab Emirates began funnelling military and humanitarian aid through Pakistan. It was Pakistans best interest to support the Mujahideen who would never accept the Soviets presence (G rau, 2004). The war in Afghanistan left the country with many political, economic and ecological problems. More than 1 million Afghans died in the war and 5 million became refugees in neighbouring countries. In addition, 15,000 Soviet soldiers were killed and 37,000 wounded. Economic production was drastically curtailed, and much of the land lay to waste (Hughes, G. 2008, p. 342). The CIA provided Muslims between 1986 and 1988 with approximately 1,000 of the missiles. After the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 in a humiliating defeat, the Afghan government continued to suffer attacks from the Mujahideen who were never going to accept the idea of bringing in Soviet troops to throw away their religion. The Afghan government received funding and arms from the Soviet Union until it collapsed in 1991(Grau, W.L. 2004, p.134). Furthermore once the Russians withdrew the US government demanded the return of the weapons, although the response they received by the leader of the I slamic party at the time Yunis Khalis was We will not return the stingers, we need them the most (Prados, J. 2002, p.471). There was then a long process from the US to get back their missiles and they were buying them back for twice the amount, although in 2001 they still believe that 100 to 200 stingers are in the hands of Afghans. Today the Afghanistan War with the Soviet Union has been studied to prove that it led to a major rise of Islam. The following section which elaborates on concerns society has about contribution to Afghanistan and furthermore it will also look at how the US views Islam in todays society. The invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Red army in 1979-1989 consisted of the US supporting the Mujahideen once again but here against communism. This is where Khalid mentions in his article, how Bin Laden was fighting against Soviet Invaders; US supporting and training Bin Laden. But it had also been an argument that the Muslims were a threat to Western Christendom long before they became a problem (Khalid, A. 2007, p. 128). Furthermore it raised the question of necessary enemy. Osama Bin Laden was working against the Soviet invaders, during the invasion in Afghanistan and when the Talibans came to power. Bin Laden was originally receiving training from the CIA, who later handed him over to the Is lamic fighters. In an article by Oleinik, he views the Afghan war from different perspectives, not only a geopolitical one and military issues, but he observes that there was an important economic factor with regards to the oil and gas industry. The Soviet Union had an interest in exploitation of gas in Northern Afghanistan (Oleinik, A. 2008, p. 289). Afghanistan is a very important country connecting Pakistan and India with rich oil and gas. Another problem was the Soviets realizing the Taliban controlled most of the country. Despite the economic factors, the Soviets were engaged in many reforms in Afghanistan, they assisted in training, and in building the police, army, the government and educational systems. The Soviets contributed to a large role in Afghanistan. They created an Afghan syndrome (Prados, J 2002, p. 469), and for them in was a turning point in 1986 when the US supplied air-missiles. Afghanistan declaring victory will remain in history. Most political and economic issues have been ignored for many years, but recently after the attack in New York in September 2001, there are numerous rumors saying that the US created Al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda is an Islamic group which was founded in the time of the invasion in Afghanistan 1988 and late 1989. They are formed mainly of Sunni Muslims, and a stateless army in which the majority consider them to be a terrorist organization. Despite the fact of false beliefs which indicate the US and allies created Al-Qaeda, there is absolutely no evidence to prove this, although it is typically ironic how the US does view Islam in todays society. The US since the 1980s always backed up the Afghan Mujahideen, however in the late 1990s America strove to overthrow Taliban Regime, which mostly belonged to Majahideen. The US had always followed a sort of double standard relationships with Islam, although terrorist attacks have openly presented an opportunity for Washington to attempt to constrain the emerging international system as a whole, to focus it on the issue of anti-terrorism (Yazdani, E. 2008, p. 44). The main issue that has affected the US global policy is the terrorist attack on 9/11. It first began with President Bush who tried to identify a fight, although it was quickly focused against the Muslim and Non Muslim world. This point ended up stating that America considered being supporters of terrorism. This therefore created possible links between the Al-Qaeda terrorists in Afghanistan and some groups of the Islamic world in Central Asia made these parts a US security priority (Yazdani, E. 2008, p. 47). Bush at this time proclaimed that the evidence they had gathered was pointed towards an affiliate terrorist organization, and that the leader was Osama Bin Laden. He also linked other organizations in other countries including the Egyptians Islamic Jihad and more. The US seems to be fighting against authoritarian governments of some Islamic nations, and in other ways the US shows that they are supporting cruel and dishonest monarchies (Yazdani, E. 2008, p. 40). In other words the re is a lot of controversy regarding the invasion in Afghanistan and the US creating Al-Qaeda. Main argument was that they trained Bin Laden for these attacks and there has not been any substantial evidence despite the links they have previously made. The Afghanistan War till today is seen as an event in time where the Soviet leaderships policies of using armed forces were taken into account while invading. The Soviets did not use any armed forces to attack or tragically destroy a country like the Atomic Bomb dropped in 1945 by the Americans. Although the Soviets at the time were incapable of defeating the Mujahideen for example and they were in possession of serious armed forces, the Afghan War made them consider their political powers. The Soviets were considered throughout history to be the most powerful army having the Red Army in power, and they defeating the German Nazis which was a huge defeat. When Gorbachev made his final decision to withdraw, he did know however that it was important to keep authority and power, because his own people and the outside world. He explains how difficult, long and painful this process was and he wanted to refrain from public embarrassment. The Mujahideen brought upon the Soviets tough opponen ts, which they knew they were unable to defeat, although they did not want to underestimate their powers. The Afghan War left Afghanistan with a tragedy they will not forget. Furthermore in todays society the Afghanistan War has left many with doubts of this war creating Al-Qaeda and terrorism, and the US being the main focus, causing the attack in New York on September 11, 2001. Today many believed that within the next twenty years or so the US will become seriously involved with a guerilla War. The US remains in Afghanistan, creating a larger risk of setting off a crisis. The Afghan War furthermore demonstrated that regardless of any lessons in past history, there is no army however sophisticated, well trained, material rich, numerically overwhelming and ruthless can succeed on a battle field if not psychologically fit and motivated for the fight (Grau, L.W. 2008, p.10). The Soviets greatly determined this statement, and the Afghans proved it right. Winning a war consists of moral qualities, strong faith, stubborn determination, individualism and unending patience (Grau, L.W.2008, p. 10). Word Count: 3290

Macbeths Weak Mindset, Lust for Power, and Quest for Blood in Shakespe

In the story of Macbeth the character Macbeth is portrayed as an honest and trustworthy man. In the beginning of the story Macbeth meets three witches that tell him that he will be the Thane of Cowdar and eventually become King. Essentially Macbeth does not believe this and ignores it. Macbeth tells his wife about the series of events with the witches and his wife begins Macbeth’s quest for all power. In the story Lady Macbeth is the force that provokes Macbeth to commit all of these evil deeds. In the story it is easily noticeable that Macbeth can be convinced to do just about anything, but after he is no longer being convinced to do these acts it is realized that Macbeth has a lust for power, a quest for blood, and a weak mindset. It could not be more obvious that Macbeth had a weak mind-set in the story of Macbeth. It is first noticed when he begins to take into thought what the three witches told him about being king. It is also noticed when he lets his own wife convince him to murder King Duncan to acclaim the throne. Essentially Macbeth does not want to kill King Duncan, but due to some persuading words from his wife Macbeth kills Duncan and regrets it terribly. After Macbeth murders King Duncan his wife has to consol him and make him wash the blood from the murders off of his hands. Furthermore, Macbeth shows off his weak mindset by allowing his mind to become a vicious murderer. The weakening of Macbeth’s mind seemed to begin around the time that King Duncan announces that his son Malcolm is heir to the throne and this is when Macbeth begins to ponder murder. Mainly until act four it is Lady Macbeth who dominates over Macbeth. In the story Lady Macbeth repeatedly pushes Macbeth into doing things he knows is wrong and doe... ...tp://web.ebscohost.com/src/detail?vid=11&hid=104&sid. Griffin, Gillian. "Lady Macbeth's Daughter." Booklist 1 Aug. 2014: 56. General One File. Web. 17 Dec. 2014. . "'Macbeth,' MN." Back Stage, National ed. 27 Aug. 2014: 25. General One File. Web. 17 Dec. 2014. . Stuckey, Connie. "Death of a Valentine." Booklist 1 Dec. 2014: 27+. General One File. Web. 17 Dec. 2014.. Wilhelm, Jeffrey, et al. Glencoe Literature: The Reader’s Choice Columbus, OH: McGraw Hill, 2014. "'Macbeth,' MN." Back Stage, National ed. 27 Aug. 2014: 25. General OneFile. Web. 17 Dec. 2014. .

Fallen Innocence in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Frankenstein

Fallen Innocence in Frankenstein      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "All things truly wicked start from an innocence." Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Creature was not born evil.   Nor was his corruption his fault. He was born innocent, without fault or sin.   The Creature was turned to a Monster after he learned of humanity, and what a cold, cruel thing it can be.   He was shunned, beaten, chased, and persecuted by those who did not understand him.   The Monster then turned bitter and vengeful, and hated his creator for giving him life.   In Marry Shelly's Frankenstein, The Creature symbolizes fallen innocence, his childlike naivete stripped away by the cold, uncaring world.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Creature was truly innocent after his creation.   At first, he knew nothing but base urges and desires.   He was confused buy his senses, unable to distinguish between them.   He only took clothes to shelter him from the bitter cold, not because he was shameful.   He did not even remember his first meeting with is creator.   All he desired were basic animal needs.   He hunted for fruit and nut to stop the pangs of hunger.   He slept in the forest under the stars.   He sought meager shelter to keep him dry.   These were all he desired before he knew of man.   Only after silently observing a family for months did he learn of the ways of mankind.   He became self-aware and learned common knowledge.   He tediously acquired a written and oral language.   Then he yearned to meet his benefactors.   For years after his creation, the Creature was innocent.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout his bitter life, the Creature was dealt one blow from humanity after another.   After spending time in the cold, wet woods, he sough... ...ined in the wilderness, the Creature would have retained in virtue.   However, once he was brought into the world of man, he slowly became a diabolical demon.   He became bitter as he realized what he was, and as humanity shunned and beat him.   The Creature was not evil, but he was more like Adam, who tasted of the Tree of Knowledge and opened his eyes to his world, and was then cast from the blissful paradise of innocence. Works Cited and Consulted Botting, Fred. Making monstrous. Frankenstein, criticism, theory. Manchester University Press, 1991. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley. Her Life, her Fiction, her Monsters. Methuen. New York, London, 1988. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Edited with an Introduction and notes by Maurice Hindle. Penguin books, 1992 Spark, Muriel. Mary Shelly. New York: Dutton, 1987. Fallen Innocence in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Essay -- Frankenstein Fallen Innocence in Frankenstein      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "All things truly wicked start from an innocence." Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Creature was not born evil.   Nor was his corruption his fault. He was born innocent, without fault or sin.   The Creature was turned to a Monster after he learned of humanity, and what a cold, cruel thing it can be.   He was shunned, beaten, chased, and persecuted by those who did not understand him.   The Monster then turned bitter and vengeful, and hated his creator for giving him life.   In Marry Shelly's Frankenstein, The Creature symbolizes fallen innocence, his childlike naivete stripped away by the cold, uncaring world.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Creature was truly innocent after his creation.   At first, he knew nothing but base urges and desires.   He was confused buy his senses, unable to distinguish between them.   He only took clothes to shelter him from the bitter cold, not because he was shameful.   He did not even remember his first meeting with is creator.   All he desired were basic animal needs.   He hunted for fruit and nut to stop the pangs of hunger.   He slept in the forest under the stars.   He sought meager shelter to keep him dry.   These were all he desired before he knew of man.   Only after silently observing a family for months did he learn of the ways of mankind.   He became self-aware and learned common knowledge.   He tediously acquired a written and oral language.   Then he yearned to meet his benefactors.   For years after his creation, the Creature was innocent.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout his bitter life, the Creature was dealt one blow from humanity after another.   After spending time in the cold, wet woods, he sough... ...ined in the wilderness, the Creature would have retained in virtue.   However, once he was brought into the world of man, he slowly became a diabolical demon.   He became bitter as he realized what he was, and as humanity shunned and beat him.   The Creature was not evil, but he was more like Adam, who tasted of the Tree of Knowledge and opened his eyes to his world, and was then cast from the blissful paradise of innocence. Works Cited and Consulted Botting, Fred. Making monstrous. Frankenstein, criticism, theory. Manchester University Press, 1991. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley. Her Life, her Fiction, her Monsters. Methuen. New York, London, 1988. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Edited with an Introduction and notes by Maurice Hindle. Penguin books, 1992 Spark, Muriel. Mary Shelly. New York: Dutton, 1987.

Marketing Energy Drinks to Americas Youth Essay

As I started collecting information for this paper, I soon realized that the energy drink industry is a very small (18 percent) part of the beverage industry, but a very dominant part to say the least. Interestingly, the major players in the industry, Monster Energy, Red Bull, and Rockstar, have intentionally veered away from the conventional mediums used to promote products. They instead have chosen marketing mediums that appeal more to their target markets and the â€Å"live life on the edge† lifestyles that they live. Monster for example, shies away from mass market advertising; instead they focus all of their sales efforts and marketing muscle on sponsoring action sports athletes, artists and musical, events and tours. All of this ties in with the company’s overall philosophy that Monster isn’t just a beverage, but a lifestyle brand (Landi). â€Å"The key is for us (Monster) to retain what we do best, which is marketing in an unconventional way and keep that feel for the brand,† said Rodney Sacks, CEO of Hansen Natural Corp. â€Å"Monster is all about action sports, punk rock music, partying, girls, and living life on the edge† (Landi). The companies that produce energy drinks are using the current popularity of action sports such as motocross, skateboarding, BMX, etc. , to showcase their products and to further brand awareness. It’s not coincidental that the demographic that participates in these sports and idolizes its professional athletes are also the same demographic that consumes energy drinks. You’ll see very few TV commercials or print ads promoting energy drinks but when you turn on the ESPN produced X-Games, just about every athlete participating is sponsored by Red Bull, Monster, or Rockstar. John Lee, director of sports marketing for Monster Energy Drink says, â€Å"We don’t do print ads or television. We strictly have promoted our brand through athletes and the events that the athletes compete in. † With our current generation (Gen – Y) of young Americans being the first to really grow up with the Web, it is important for marketeers to embrace the use of the internet as a vital marketing tool and communication medium (Ness). â€Å"This group has a lot of lifetime ahead of them and that makes their Lifetime Value (LTV) high for marketers,† says Greg Ness, Chief Strategy Officer, Burst Media. Ness was also quick to point out that, â€Å"one-third of current college students spend 10 or more hours online per week and one-fifth spend 20 hours or more online. † Ness concludes, â€Å"Their time online exceeds the amount of time they are spending watching TV or listening to the radio. † Monster has recently starting using the internet as a recruiting / marketing tool of sorts when they introduced the â€Å"Monster Army. † The Army is a â€Å"grassroots marketing outreach community that also locates up-and-coming athletes seeking sponsorship opportunities† (Campanelli). In the past few years, more than 50,000 athletes (recruits) have signed up as members of the Monster Army where more than 1,000 of them are currently sponsored through the program. â€Å"It’s been a very successful program, our Army members are out there spreading the word about our products, telling ten of their friends who in turn tell ten of their friends, it’s a snowball effect† (Lee). In addition Monster has also recently announced an exclusive relationship with the Loop’d Network, a social media platform exclusively for online sports communities. The Loop’d Network currently boasts more than 200,000 members worldwide (Campanelli). The history of energy drinks is much deeper than most would imagine. Japan is credited for pioneering the energy drink phenomenon, but the first mass produced energy drink was called Lucozade, and was launched in 1929, in the UK (Research Wikis). It wasn’t until Red Bull, which was first launched in 1987, and introduced the United States to the world of energy drinks a decade later that the energy drink industry really took off (Reuters). Red Bull might have had the first big impact on the market in 1997, but Monster, launched in 2002, by Hansen Natural Corp. has clearly made a strong impression on the market. With its initial market share of 12 percent in 2003, Monster now has a 30 percent hold on the market while Red Bull maintains 25 percent (Reuters). Past portrayals of energy drinks were for the most part all negative as energy drinks are not regulated by the FDA and most contain large amounts of sugar, sodium, and caffeine, among other things. Some brands and flavors have a caffeine content that can range from a modest 50 mg. to an alarming 505 mg. per can (Reissig). For example, an 8. 3 oz. can of Red Bull contains 76 mg. of caffeine which is about twice what a 12 oz.can of Coke contains (LeBlanc). A 16 oz. can of Monster contains about 14 teaspoons of sugar and 200 calories (LeBlanc). So what are all of these â€Å"negative† energy boosting drinks doing to our bodies? A recent study done by Wayne State University in Detroit showed that consumption of energy drinks increased blood pressure and heart rate levels in healthy adults that drank two cans a day (LeBlanc). With all of those negative aspects there must be something good in energy drinks. There is a long list of beneficial ingredients that can be found in most of the energy drinks on the market today. They include; vitamin B-complex, antioxidant vitamins C and E, the amino acid taurine, bee pollen, inositol, glucuronolactone, and herbal extracts from ginseng, guarana, ginkgo biloba, horny goat weed, milk thistle, yerba mate, damiana, rosemary, skullcap, black seed, royal jelly, and white willow, among others (Berry). The overall benefits that energy drinks are said to produce include stress relief, sobering effects, an improved love life, increased stamina, sharper reflexes, heightened alertness, virility, and they’ll stimulate your metabolism (Berry). The demographic that energy drink companies are after is rather broad. While their number one consumer fits the description of a young white male between the ages of 16 to 25, energy drink companies are broadening their marketing horizons and are now looking at men, women, and children between the ages of 12 and 40 (LeBlanc). â€Å"Younger kids see drinking energy drinks as something their parents might disapprove of,† says Jim Karwowski of Power Brands. A market that has yet to be fully tapped into is the female consumer. While the number of female consumers has grown 74 percent over the last five years, women are still considered the minority population when it comes to energy drinkers. Almost 20 percent of men say they drink energy drinks while only 10 percent of women say they do (Francella). I’ll be using information gathered from a number of different research papers as well as reports produced from beverage industry insiders to substantiate my findings on the marketing techniques being used to lure America’s youth into becoming loyal consumers. Method: During this study I coded 60 magazines. I reviewed issues of Racer X Illustrated and Motocross Action Magazine looking for ads from energy drink companies. My goal was to find print ads directly from the energy drink companies themselves that promoted their product. Once found (if found), I would evaluate what the ad was about and what demographic the ad was targeting. I watched and coded 10 TV commercials (via YouTube) in an attempt to figure out if the messages shown were directed towards a particular market. The only â€Å"corporate made† TV commercials I was able to find were from Red Bull and Rockstar. I found a variety of homemade Monster commercials but none that would have been endorsed by the corporate office. With Red Bull, four of the ads were animated and four were of Red Bull sponsored athletes. The two Rockstar commercials were based around music, one having a more psychedelic look while the other had a guitar player helping a stranded woman. My goal here was to evaluate what the ads were about and what demographic the ads was intended for. I reviewed and coded four web sites, three from energy drink companies and one from an action sports promotion company. My objective while evaluating these sites was to see what groups of people, whether it was men or women, and what age range was the information intended for. I found a vast amount of information to dissect and code from companies that are within the beverage industry. These are companies that do product reviews, market analysis, and product introductions, among other things. Two common messages that I repeatedly found in these articles revolved around college kids using energy drinks to mix with alcohol and the overall abuse of energy drinks. My objective here was to get an idea of how many college kids fall into one of these two groups. Although my options were limited due to a lack of documentation from other academic researchers, I was able to find, evaluate, and code information from four other academic research papers. I was able to find these documents after an exhaustive search using Lexis Nexis, Psychinfo, and the Social Science Citation Index via the Joyner Library. I came across a huge inventory of other academic research papers that were based on similar subjects, but to gain access to more than the first paragraph I would have had to sign up for subscriptions and pay fees. I’m hoping that my frugalness will not negatively impact my grade and hope the information that I was able to obtain and evaluate will satisfy the requirements of this paper. While evaluating and coding the different mediums I looked at the overall tone of the material. Was the tone very harsh and bold, which would possibly be directed more towards college aged males? Was the tone very light hearted and fun which would be more appealing to a younger population and/or women? Or lastly, did the ad have some sexual overtones and innuendos which could either be directed at young men or women? Results: Being a subscriber of Racer X Illustrated and/or Motocross Action Magazine for the last 30 years, I have found that I look at many of the ads in those magazines in a rather numb, non-consuming state of mind. I’ve seen the ads so many times that I know all about the companies and their products so I don’t pay much attention to them. To my surprise, after looking at 60 different magazines that were printed over a span of five years, I didn’t find a single ad that was specifically advertising the actual energy drink. I found a large variety of ads that were promoting energy drink sponsored events, but none for the drinks themselves. The majority of the sponsored events were either motocross races, action sports events, or alternative rock concerts (the Vans Warped Tour) and bands (Linkin Park). If I was to describe the age, sex, and race of the attendees of these events it would probably be predominantly 16 – 25 year old, white, males. Although I didn’t find any product ads in the magazines it was nearly impossible to turn a page and not find pictures of riders or motorcycles that didn’t have the name or logo of an energy drink showing. I felt the four animated Red Bull commercials could be perceived as trying to target the very young viewers and the female market as much as anything else. They were light hearted, funny cartoons that weren’t big, bold, and overbearing. The four Red Bull commercials featuring their sponsored athletes were very action packed and intense. They included Robbie â€Å"Mado† Madison jumping his motorcycle onto the roof of a building in Las Vegas, â€Å"B-boy Ronnie† freestyle break dancing, big wave surfer Ian Walsh, and stunt plane pilot Kirby Chambliss. While the animated commercials carried the pitch, â€Å"Red Bull Gives You Wings,† the commercials with the athletes concluded with the athlete saying, â€Å"Welcome to my World, the World of Red Bull. † These action driven commercials were in my opinion made for the thrill seeking male consumer between the ages of 16 to 25. I also found that Red Bull’s marketing plan has the brand pursuing traditional advertising such as TV commercials as its last phase of product market development (Hein). â€Å"Media is not a tool that we use to establish the market,† says Red Bull’s Vice President of Marketing, David Rohdy. â€Å"The idea is to reinforce, not introduce the brand. Only when a market is deemed mature does the company begin a media push,† concluded Rohdy. Red Bull typically creates two new TV spots each year and runs them in their â€Å"mature markets† (Hein). The four web sites that I reviewed and coded were the corporate web sites of Red Bull: http://www. redbull. com/ , Rockstar Energy Drink: http://www. rockstar69. com/ , Monster Energy: http://www. monsterenergy. com/. In addition to the three top selling energy drink brands I also looked at Alli Sports: http://www. allisports. com/ the promoter of some of the biggest action sports series and events in the world. Themes that were consistent with all four of the sites were action, youth, and energy, energy, energy. The Red Bull site was the most clean cut and professional looking site out of the three beverage sites. I’m not saying that the Rockstar and Monster sites were cheaply made, or have an unprofessional appearance, but the Red Bull site looks like something you would present to share holders of the company. It has the least amount of â€Å"boldness† of the three beverage sites, but is packed full of well filmed video clips showing off their sponsored athletes. I don’t know if the fact that the corporate base for Red Bull is in Austria has anything to do with the web sites visual appeal, but it’s definitely a different approach than its competition took. With the look and accessibility of this site and its features I felt like it was geared for an older more mature audience. I didn’t see the sight selling the sexual appeal of women as much as I did on the Rockstar site. I think Red Bull’s site would appeal to both men and women ages 15 to 40. The Rockstar site was definitely the edgiest of the three beverage sites. Just on the home page alone you see ads for mixed martial arts fights and heavy metal concerts that the brand is sponsoring. If you look further down you can watch a short video clip of five beautiful, big breasted women posing on motorcycles and race cars. There’s also links that talk about the variety of products they offer as well as links to the various music and sports events that they sponsor to include the sponsored bands and athletes that participate in those events. I felt that the Rockstar site was definitely geared for young, white, males, ages 15 to 30. Overall I thought that the site had a very harsh tone to it and women probably wouldn’t appreciate it. With a mix of the fighters and rock concert promotions flashing on the screen a viewer might even feel some rage building inside while viewing the site. The Monster site was all about speed. The home page had a constantly changing look that showcased many Monster sponsored racers. The site overall was neatly laid out. It didn’t have as clean and crisp of a look as Red Bull had but it wasn’t as busy as the Rockstar site was. The site was easy to navigate and was very appealing to the eye. I feel the overall look of the site and the message that it gives was directed more towards the young, white, male between the ages of 15 and 35. The site is very dark, as the background is black, and has a hardcore feel and tone. I think women might be turned off by that. One feature on the Monster site that is inviting to a broader fan / consumer base is the Monster Army. I think the idea of being a part of something is a selling point for many of today’s youth. I think the Monster Army is an appealing environment for both sexes with an age range of 12 to 40. The Alli Sports web site focuses on the promotion of the action sports events that they promote. Although Alli Sports doesn’t have direct sponsorship deals with any of the leading energy drink companies, all of the athletes that are sponsored by those companies participate in Alli Sports produced events. The same demographic that participates in BMX, motocross, wakeboarding, skateboarding, and other alternative action sports that Alli promotes also consume energy drinks. I feel the Alli site is geared more towards the fans of action sports which could be male or female between the ages of 12 and 40. It’s a very bright web site and has a low key and fun overall tone to it. Both the articles I found from industry insiders as well as the academic research papers that I found voiced similar issues and concerns. One issue of concern and importance addressed the use of energy drinks by college students. I was unaware of the fact that many energy drinks are on the list of nutritional supplements banned by the NCAA. Caffeine is a stimulant and college athletes will fail a drug test if the concentration of caffeine in their sample is 15 micrograms per milliliter. That would be the equivalent of slamming five to 10 cups of coffee before a game (Moritz). Another concern that researchers have is the increasing number of college students that are consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks. In the fall of 2006, 4,271 college students from 10 universities in North Carolina were surveyed about their consumption of energy drinks, alcohol, and the combination of the two. The results of the survey showed that 697 of the students had consumed one or more energy drinks within the last 30 days, and one-quarter of the students said that they mixed alcohol and energy drinks. Looking at the amount of energy drinks consumed by the two sexes it was discovered that men drank on average 2. 49 energy drinks per month while women drank 1. 22 drinks per month. Students who were young, male, white, intramural athletes, and fraternity members or pledges, were significantly more likely to drink energy drinks that those in other demographics (O’Brien, Miller). With college students’ taking heavier class loads and the ever present concern of one’s grades, caffeine abuse has been on the rise on college campuses. There has been an increase in reports of caffeine intoxication from the mass consumption of energy drinks as well as an overall an increase in the number of students that are dealing with caffeine dependence and withdrawal issues (Reissig). The poison control center in Chicago has handled 265 cases of caffeine abuse involving energy drinks in the last three years. The users’ average age was under 21 (LeBlanc). Interpretation: Based on information I reviewed, I feel that the energy drink industry is very strong and will continue to grow. I think the marketeers of the energy drinks are doing a great job at getting visibility for their products and they’re focusing on a set consumer demographic that has huge spending power. The youth and college students today are easily influenced and have a strong influence on the products their peers buy. The studies show that because these energy drink companies are gaining brand loyalty from their consumers at a young age that the odds are in their favor that they will become lifelong consumers. Taking the unconventional route to marketing may or may not be any cheaper than doing normal TV spots that Coke and Pepsi do. Either way, the leaders of the energy drink market are making it work for them. From a financial standpoint, I think the return on investment will come faster in the energy drink industry than it ever has in any other aspect of the beverage industry. Selling 8 oz. cans for over $2 a can is a quick way to make money. Red Bull, Monster, and Rockstar are dominating the energy drink industry when it comes to consumer preference with white male’s ages 12 to 40, but what about the ladies? The industry has yet to scratch the surface of the young female consumer market. Granted, there aren’t too many professional female athletes participating in alternative sports yet, but there are other lines of approach that the industry needs to consider. I remember seeing a bumper sticker once that said, â€Å"Girls Kick Ass. † It is that same kick ass mentality that has made energy drinks as popular as they are today. I think it will only be a matter of time before we see one of the power players in the energy drink industry come out with a product specifically marketed towards women. Maybe a black Monster can with a hot pink claw mark rather than the green one, who knows?! I foresee the FDA getting involved sooner than later with regulations on how much sugar, sodium, and caffeine can be in each product. I don’t feel that mixing energy drinks and alcohol is that big of a problem and personally hope laws don’t get created to prohibit such mixes. I think that if an individual is going to consume alcohol irresponsibly, they are going to do it regardless on the fact that an energy drink is or isn’t part of their drink selection. Bibliography: Campanelli, M. and Lee, J. , eMarketingandCommerce. com (2007). â€Å"Social Media Tips from Monster Energy† (accessed June 9, 2009). Available at: http://www. emarketingandcommerce. com/view/106 Landi, H. , Hall, M. , and Sacks, R. , Beverage World (2009) â€Å"Monster Energy: A Mighty Force† (accessed June 9, 2009) Available at: http://www. beverageworld. com/content/view/35687/ Scribd, BevNet, Research Wikis (2006) â€Å"Research Wikis Energy Drink marketing Research† (accessed June 10, 2009) Available at: http://www. scribd. com/doc/3259151/ResearchWikis-Energy-Drinks-Marketing-Research Rajan, A. , Reuters (2009) â€Å"Hansen’s Monster Takes the Fight to Red Bull’s Turf† (accessed June 10, 2009) Available at: http://www. reuters. com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE5313N320090402 Francella, B. , CS News Online (2008) â€Å"Energy Drink Sales Growth Running Out of Steam? † (accessed June 10, 2009). Available at: http://www. csnews. com/csn/index. jsp Search: â€Å"Energy Drink Sales† Berry, B., Agri-Food Trade Service (2008) â€Å"The Energy Drink Segment in North America† (accessed June 11, 2009) Available at: http://www. ats. agr. gc. ca/us/4387_e. htm LeBlanc, P. , Austin American Statesman (2008). â€Å"The Buzz on Energy Drinks – Energy Drinks Booming in Popularity† (accessed June 11, 2009) Available at: http://www. statesman. com/ Search: â€Å"The Buzz on Energy Drinks† Hein, K. , and Rohdy, D. , Brandweek (2001) â€Å"A Bull’s Market – the Marketing of Red Bull Energy Drink† (accessed June 11, 2009) Available at: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0BDW/is_22_42/ai_75286777/?tag=content;col1 Moritz, A. , Tribune Business News (2008). â€Å"Think Before Using an Energy Drink: Colleges† (accessed June 11, 2009) Available at: http://proquest. umi. com. jproxy. lib. ecu. edu/login? 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